SpudFiles Wiki - User contributions [en]

Fuel meter

2013-11-27T14:25:34Z

Biopyro:

A '''fuel meter''', also known as a '''propane meter''', is used to inject a predetermined amount of [[fuel]] gas (usually [[propane]]) into the [[chamber]] of a [[Combustion cannon|combustion]] or [[hybrid cannon|hybrid]]. Any system that injects a known volume of fuel into the gun is a fuel meter. Fuel meters can take a couple of different basic forms.

[[Image:Syringe small.jpg|frame|60cc Syringe and Needle]]
== Syringe based meter ==
The simplest and cheapest fuel meter is a syringe. The syringe is filled from a propane (or [[butane]]) tank by inserting the syringe tip into a suitable sized piece of hose fitted over the tank outlet. When the tank [[valve]] is opened the syringe plunger will move back. The tank valve is closed when the correct amount of fuel is in the syringe. The syringe is removed from the hose and the excess [[pressure]] in the syringe is released to the atmosphere. The syringe now contains the measured volume of fuel at atmospheric pressure. The fuel is injected into the gun's chamber using a needle passed through a small port, or between the clean out [[adapter]] and clean out plug. Plastic syringes up to about 60cc are available from well supplied farm supply stores since the syringes are used to give medicines to farm animals. Expect to pay about $2 for a 60cc plastic syringe and perhaps another $1 for a blunt tip needle. Smaller syringes frequently come with printer cartridge ink refill kits.

[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0nM603eOQU4 syringe fuel meter video tutorial]

There are several ways to attach a syringe to a propane or butane source:
{|
| [[image:Syringe_lighter.jpg|frame|left|A simple syringe meter. The red tubing is the insulation from 20G wire. (see [http://www.inpharmix.com/jps/Hacking_lighter.html Hacking a lighter])]]
||
| [[image:StepsAnnotated_b.jpg|frame|left|Attaching the tubing to the lighter. (see [http://www.inpharmix.com/jps/Fuel%20Meter%20From%20A%20Disposable%20Butane%20Lighter.html A Fuel Meter From A Disposable Butane Lighter])]]
|-
| [[image:Syringe_bernzomValve.jpg|frame|left|A syringe attached to a standard Bernzomatic torch head (after removal of the torch head's air mixer).]]
||
| [[image:Minihybridsetup_158.jpg|frame|left|Sometimes, the syringe can simply be firmly pushed up agains the outlet of a propane (or butane) source. ]]
||
| [[image:Syringe_refill.jpg|frame|left|A syringe attached to a standard butane lighter refill cartridge via a short length of tubing.]]
|}

== Ball valve + pressure regulator based meter ==
More complex fuel meters consist of an adjustable [[pressure regulator]] and [[pressure gauge]], connected to two [[ball valve]]s with a length of pipe in between. The volume of this pipe and the pressure of the gas determines the amount of gas injected. The second ball valve is connected to the chamber of the gun.
A fuel meter is operated as follows:
*The regulator is set to a predetermined pressure for the particular meter and chamber size
*The ball valve closest to the regulator is opened, filling the pipe up until the second ball valve with gas at the regulated pressure
*The first ball valve is closed again, closing off the section of pipe between the two valves
*The second ball valve is opened, the pressurized gas inside the meter expands and enters the main chamber
*The second ball valve is closed, and the cannon is ready to fire

The regulator usually only needs to be set the first time, and further fueling can be done simply by opening and closing the two ball valves. A fuel meter provides fast and very consistent fueling, and is the easiest way to use bottled gas for fuel.

It is possible to construct a fuel meter using only a meter pipe, pressure gauge, and two ball valves (with no regulator). This type of meter is less expensive and will provide accurate fueling, but is not as easy to use as a meter setup with a regulator.

===Calculations===

Constructing a fuel meter and determining the correct pressure to use requires a few calculations. First you need to calculate the fuel:air ratio, and from that the amount of fuel needed. These calculations are covered under [[stoichiometry]].

Formulas for fuel meters:

P=pressure in bar, Vf=fuel volume, Vm=meter volume. Any unit of measurement can be used for the volume, as long as the same unit is used throughout. Pressure needs to be converted to bar, if you have the pressure in psi divide it by 14.7.
*P = Vf/Vm
*Vm = Vf/P
*Vf = P*Vm

====Concrete example====

In the example from the stoichiometry article, we found that the fuel volume needed for a 3000 cc chamber is 126 cc. At 1 atmosphere (14.7 psi) of overpressure, we'd need a meter volume of 126 cc. At twice the pressure, we'd need half the volume and so on.

For the example, we decide that meter pressure will be 3 bar. The meter volume required is then 126/3 = 42 cc.

The Fuel Tool (found on Burnt Latke's [http://www.burntlatke.com/calc.html performance calculators page]) automates the fuel meter calculations.

== Needle Valve plus Pressure Gauge ==

[[Image:UL100_sm.jpg|right|thumb|300px|Bernzomatic Torch]]
Another type of fuel meter is simply a needle valve and a low range pressure gauge. The needle valve can be the valve and very small outlet hole in a typical Bernzomatic torch head.

The needle valve is plumbed to the chamber as is the low pressure gauge. To protect the torch and gauge it is a good idea to plumb both through a single small ball valve. To use, the ball valve is opened. Then the needle valve is opened a small amount. When the pressure in the chamber has risen 4% the two valves are closed. Assuming an atmospheric pressure of 14.7 PSI, adding 4% propane will raise the pressure in the chamber by 0.59 PSIG. Since the pressure rise is small, standard 120 or 250 PSIG gauges won't work for this type of meter.

A possible replacement for a low pressure range gauge is a [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manometer#Liquid_column|"U-tube manometer"]. In this type of pressure gauge the pressure is related to the difference in height of the two columns of liquid. If the U-tube is filled with water, then a 1" difference in height represents a 0.0361 PSI difference in pressure. So, 0.59 PSI would be a 16.3" height difference for the two water columns.

[[Image:Utube.gif|U-Tube Manometer]]
[[Category:Accessories]]

Fuel meter

2013-11-27T14:19:33Z

Biopyro: /* Syringe based meter */ streamlined formatting

A '''fuel meter''', also known as a '''propane meter''', is used to inject a predetermined amount of [[fuel]] gas (usually [[propane]]) into the [[chamber]] of a [[Combustion cannon|combustion]] or [[hybrid cannon|hybrid]]. Any system that injects a known volume of fuel into the gun is a fuel meter. Fuel meters can take a couple of different basic forms.

[[Image:Syringe small.jpg|frame|60cc Syringe and Needle]]
== Syringe based meter ==
The simplest and cheapest fuel meter is a syringe. The syringe is filled from a propane (or [[butane]]) tank by inserting the syringe tip into a suitable sized piece of hose fitted over the tank outlet. When the tank [[valve]] is opened the syringe plunger will move back. The tank valve is closed when the correct amount of fuel is in the syringe. The syringe is removed from the hose and the excess [[pressure]] in the syringe is released to the atmosphere. The syringe now contains the measured volume of fuel at atmospheric pressure. The fuel is injected into the gun's chamber using a needle passed through a small port, or between the clean out [[adapter]] and clean out plug. Plastic syringes up to about 60cc are available from well supplied farm supply stores since the syringes are used to give medicines to farm animals. Expect to pay about $2 for a 60cc plastic syringe and perhaps another $1 for a blunt tip needle. Smaller syringes frequently come with printer cartridge ink refill kits.

[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0nM603eOQU4 syringe fuel meter video tutorial]

There are several ways to attach a syringe to a propane or butane source:
{|
| [[image:Syringe_lighter.jpg|frame|left|A simple syringe meter. The red tubing is the insulation from 20G wire. (see [http://www.inpharmix.com/jps/Hacking_lighter.html Hacking a lighter])]]
||
| [[image:StepsAnnotated_b.jpg|frame|left|Attaching the tubing to the lighter. (see [http://www.inpharmix.com/jps/Fuel%20Meter%20From%20A%20Disposable%20Butane%20Lighter.html A Fuel Meter From A Disposable Butane Lighter])]]
|-
| [[image:Syringe_bernzomValve.jpg|frame|left|A syringe attached to a standard Bernzomatic torch head (after removal of the torch head's air mixer).]]
||
| [[image:Minihybridsetup_158.jpg|frame|left|Sometimes, the syringe can simply be firmly pushed up agains the outlet of a propane (or butane) source. ]]
||
| [[image:Syringe_refill.jpg|frame|left|A syringe attached to a standard butane lighter refill cartridge via a short length of tubing.]]
|}

== Ball valve + pressure regulator based meter ==
More complex fuel meters consist of an adjustable [[pressure regulator]] and [[pressure gauge]], connected to two [[ball valve]]s with a length of pipe in between. The volume of this pipe and the pressure of the gas determines the amount of gas injected. The second ball valve is connected to the chamber of the gun.
A fuel meter is operated as follows:
*The regulator is set to a predetermined pressure for the particular meter and chamber size
*The ball valve closest to the regulator is opened, filling the pipe up until the second ball valve with gas at the regulated pressure
*The first ball valve is closed again, closing off the section of pipe between the two valves
*The second ball valve is opened, the pressurized gas inside the meter expands and enters the main chamber
*The second ball valve is closed, and the cannon is ready to fire

The regulator usually only needs to be set the first time, and further fueling can be done simply by opening and closing the two ball valves. A fuel meter provides fast and very consistent fueling, and is the easiest way to use bottled gas for fuel.

It is possible to construct a fuel meter using only a meter pipe, pressure gauge, and two ball valves (with no regulator). This type of meter is less expensive and will provide accurate fueling, but is not as easy to use as a meter setup with a regulator.

===Calculations===

Constructing a fuel meter and determining the correct pressure to use requires a few calculations. First you need to calculate the fuel:air ratio, and from that the amount of fuel needed. These calculations are covered under [[stoichiometry]].

Formulas for fuel meters:

P=pressure in bar, Vf=fuel volume, Vm=meter volume. Any unit of measurement can be used for the volume, as long as the same unit is used throughout. Pressure needs to be converted to bar, if you have the pressure in psi divide it by 14.7.
*P = Vf/Vm
*Vm = Vf/P
*Vf = P*Vm

===Concrete example===

In the example from the stoichiometry article, we found that the fuel volume needed for a 3000 cc chamber is 126 cc. At 1 atmosphere (14.7 psi) of overpressure, we'd need a meter volume of 126 cc. At twice the pressure, we'd need half the volume and so on.

For the example, we decide that meter pressure will be 3 bar. The meter volume required is then 126/3 = 42 cc.

The Fuel Tool (found on Burnt Latke's [http://www.burntlatke.com/calc.html performance calculators page]) automates the fuel meter calculations.

== Needle Valve plus Pressure Gauge ==

[[Image:UL100_sm.jpg|right|thumb|300px|Bernzomatic Torch]]
Another type of fuel meter is simply a needle valve and a low range pressure gauge. The needle valve can be the valve and very small outlet hole in a typical Bernzomatic torch head.

The needle valve is plumbed to the chamber as is the low pressure gauge. To protect the torch and gauge it is a good idea to plumb both through a single small ball valve. To use, the ball valve is opened. Then the needle valve is opened a small amount. When the pressure in the chamber has risen 4% the two valves are closed. Assuming an atmospheric pressure of 14.7 PSI, adding 4% propane will raise the pressure in the chamber by 0.59 PSIG. Since the pressure rise is small, standard 120 or 250 PSIG gauges won't work for this type of meter.

A possible replacement for a low pressure range gauge is a [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manometer#Liquid_column|"U-tube manometer"]. In this type of pressure gauge the pressure is related to the difference in height of the two columns of liquid. If the U-tube is filled with water, then a 1" difference in height represents a 0.0361 PSI difference in pressure. So, 0.59 PSI would be a 16.3" height difference for the two water columns.

[[Image:Utube.gif|U-Tube Manometer]]
[[Category:Accessories]]

User:Biopyro

2011-02-19T02:44:36Z

Biopyro: Blanked the page

Propene

2010-07-26T12:38:14Z

Biopyro:

Propene is a comnmon MAPP substitute in the UK, and while not quite as effective as MAPP, is still more powerful than propane or butane.
According to bernzomatic, it burns 22% faster and has a hotter flame temperature
[http://www.bernzomatic.com/RESOURCES/GASTYPES/tabid/222/Default.aspx]. It also has a wider flammability range than propane or butane. Similar to MAPP gas, the stoichiometric ratio is 4.66%

Propene

2010-07-26T12:37:44Z

Biopyro: Created page with 'Propene is a comnmon MAPP substitute in the UK, and while not quite as effective as MAPP, is still more powerful than propane or butane. According to bernzomatic, it burns 22% fa…'

Propene is a comnmon MAPP substitute in the UK, and while not quite as effective as MAPP, is still more powerful than propane or butane.
According to bernzomatic, it burns 22% faster and has a hotter flame temperature. It also has a wider flammability range than propane or butane. Similar to MAPP gas, the stoichiometric ratio is 4.66%

[http://www.bernzomatic.com/RESOURCES/GASTYPES/tabid/222/Default.aspx]

MAPP

2010-07-26T12:34:15Z

Biopyro:

[[Image:mapp.jpg|frame|Typical MAPP Tank]]
'''MAPP''', a stabilized mixture of Methylacetylene and Propadiene (and trademark of BOC Gases) yields about 25% more muzzle energy (about 11% more velocity) than [[Propane]]. 
Available in the plumbing departments of home improvement stores like Home Depot or Lowes.

Your [[fuel meter]] would be set up using the same torch head you may have modified for propane, although you'll have to meter in 4.6% by volume instead of the 4.2% of propane. 
Keep tank upright to prevent liquid fuel from contacting the torch head. Room temperature tank pressure is 94 psi.

MAPP gas has a noxious rotten egg odor to inform you of the presence of leaks, but you should still use liquid leak detector on all joints.

In Australia it is known as RazorGas and is a trademark of ELGAS.
In the UK it is not available to buy, and instead is called MAP pro or MAP plus. It contains [[propene]] instead of propadiene and Methylacetylene.
[[Category:Fuels]]

MAPP

2010-07-26T12:24:38Z

Biopyro:

[[Image:mapp.jpg|frame|Typical MAPP Tank]]
'''MAPP''', a stabilized mixture of Methylacetylene and Propadiene (and trademark of BOC Gases) yields about 25% more muzzle energy (about 11% more velocity) than [[Propane]]. 
Available in the plumbing departments of home improvement stores like Home Depot or Lowes.

Your [[fuel meter]] would be set up using the same torch head you may have modified for propane, although you'll have to meter in 4.6% by volume instead of the 4.2% of propane. 
Keep tank upright to prevent liquid fuel from contacting the torch head. Room temperature tank pressure is 94 psi.

MAPP gas has a noxious rotten egg odor to inform you of the presence of leaks, but you should still use liquid leak detector on all joints.

In Australia it is known as RazorGas and is a trademark of ELGAS.
In the UK it is not available to buy, and instead is called MAP pro or MAP plus. It contains propylene instead of propadiene.
[[Category:Fuels]]

Spark strip

2009-06-16T15:13:06Z

Biopyro: Added information about benefits of having spark in centre of chamber. holes in chamber does not really weaken it, but creates failure points

[[Image:Spark_strip.jpg|frame|An etched copper spark strip]]A '''spark strip''' is used to provide multiple sparks to ignite the fuel/air mix in a [[combustion launcher]]. It is differs from multiple [[spark gap]]s in that a spark strip is mounted using two or even one [http://www.advancedspuds.com/his.htm (temp link)] hole. This is done primarily to ensure the integrity of the launcher, as drilling multiple holes in the [[chamber]] creates more possible failiure points. Spark strips can also be used in [[coaxial]] launchers, where chamber space is more cramped.

A spark strip consists of several conductive objects in a row with a short gap in between, effectively forming a line of spark gaps. As with other spark gaps, the combined width of the gaps must be small enough for the [[ignition source]] to overcome.

There are several ways to achieve this:
===scratched conductive film===
By scratching thin lines across a conductive film (metallic paints, CDs) it is possible to get very large numbers of sparks out of a meager source. A more sophisticated method consists of etching a spark strip pattern in a printed circuit board.

===Wire method===
Small pieces of wire, such as from a coathanger are glued to the wall. Gaps between each piece of wire cause a spark to be produced.

===Veroboard===

Veroboard is a ready-made circuit board with multiple copper strips or dots, a piece cut perpendicular to the copper strips will function as a spark strip.

Spark strips are sometimes seen as inferior to a screw based gap system, because they are often mounted on the wall of the chamber, as opposed to screws, where the spark is in the very centre of the chamber. This means that the flame from can only travel in one direction (away from the wall). A central gap allows the flame fron to spread in every direction towards the walls.
[[category:Components]]

Common Ammo

2009-05-14T15:10:15Z

Biopyro: added .75" SCH120 for paintball barrel

== Description of the table columns: ==

; Ammo : The type of ammo. For ammo that is cut by the [[barrel]], such as spuds, this gives a typical length of the ammo. The length of the ammo and the barrel diameter determine the actual size of the ammo. For spuds, there is more than one way to [[potato#Selection, cutting and use|cut]] the shell.
; Mass : The mass of the ammo in ounces (oz.) and grams.
; Diameter : The diameter of the ammo in inches (") and centimeters (cm). For ammo that is cut by the barrel, such as spuds, this is the barrel diameter. For ammo that is not cut, such as golf balls, this is the ammo's normal diameter.
; Cd : Coeficient of drag. The Cd of a particular ammo is usually dependent on the velocity of the ammo and whether or not it is spinning or tumbling.
; Terminal Velocity : The maximum velocity the ammo will reach when dropped, in air, form a great height.
; Barrel : Suggestions as suitable barrels for the particular ammo. Primarily for ammo that has a defined size, such as a tennis ball.
; Other Info : Various other bits of information concerning the ammo.

'''Table Notes'''
# The Cd values for the various sport balls (tennis ball, golfball ...) were calculated based on their terminal velocities using the equation Cd=2mg/(Aρvterminal2) with g=9.8m/s and ρ=1290g/m3. The terminal velocities were from [http://www.cord.org/uploadedfiles/CTNJune2002.pdf Terminal Velocity Teachers Notes] and [http://www.gantless.com/paper.html A Penny in Free Fall].

{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" align="left" style="text-align:center"
|+ '''Common Spud Gun Ammo'''
|-
| '''Ammo''' || '''Mass''' || '''Diameter''' || '''Cd''' || '''Terminal Velocity''' || '''Barrel''' ||''' Other Info'''
|-
!colspan="7" align="left" | '''Fruit + Vegetables'''
|-
| half [[Potato]], (2" Long) || 2.5 oz., 72g || 1.59", 4.04cm || - || - || 1.5" SCH 40 ||align=left|
* density ~1.1g/cm3
|-
| half [[Potato]], (2" Long) || 5.0 oz., 120g || 2.05", 5.21cm || - || - || 2" SCH 40 ||align=left|
* density ~1.1g/cm3
|-
| full [[Potato]], (4" Long) || 5.1 oz., 140g || 1.59", 4.04cm || - || - || 1.5" SCH 40 ||align=left|
* density ~1.1g/cm3
|-
| full [[Potato]], (4" Long) || 10 oz., 240g || 2.05", 5.21cm || - || - || 2" SCH 40 ||align=left|
* density ~1.1g/cm3
|-
| Apple, || 4.2 oz., 110g || 2.05", 5.21cm || - || - || 2" SCH 40 || align=left|
* density ~0.95g/cm3
|-
| Citrus Fruit, || 3.5 oz., 100g || 2.05", 5.21cm || - || - || 2" SCH 40 ||align=left|
* density ~0.9g/cm3
|-
!colspan="7" align="left" | '''Balls'''
|-
| Ping-Pong Ball || 0.095 oz., 2.7g || 0.95", 2.51cm || 0.460 <br\> (note 1) || 9m/s, 30fps || - || -
|-
| Roll-on deodorant ball || 0.095 oz., 5g || 1.49", 3.80cm || - || - || 40mm 10bar PVC (UK) || -
|-
| Small pool ball || 1.76 oz., 50g || 1.49", 3.80cm || - || - || 40mm 10bar PVC (UK) || -
|-
| [[Golf ball]] || 1.59 oz., 45g || 1.68", 4.27cm || 0.299 <br\> (note 1) || 40m/s, 132fps || - || -
|-
| [[Tennis_ball|Tennis Ball]] || 2.08 oz., 59g || 2.56", 6.5cm || 0.283 <br\> (note 1) || 31m/s, 102fps ||align=left|
* 2.5" SCH 40
* 2.5" SDR 21
* 2.5" SDR 26
|| -
|-
| Baseball || 5.1 oz., 145g || 2.9", 7.4cm || 0.290 (note 1) || 42m/s, 138fps || - || -
|-
| Basketball || 21.2 oz., 600g || 9.5", 24.1cm || 0.500 (note 1) || 20m/s, 66fps || - || -
|-
!colspan="7" align="left" | '''Ball Bearings (BBs, Airsoft, Paintballs...)'''
|-
| 0.177" Copper/Steel BB || 0.0116 oz, 0.33g || 0.177", 0.45cm || - || - || - || -
|-
| 6mm Airsoft || 0.0071 oz., 0.20g || 0.23", 0.6cm || - || - || - || -
|-
| .68" [[Paintball]] || 0.1 oz., 3.2g || 0.68", 1.75cm || - || - ||align=left|
* 0.5" SDR 13.5
*0.5" PN15 (UK)
* 0.75" SCH 120
|| -
|-
| .61" glass [[marble]] || 0.17 oz., 5g || .61", 1.5cm || - || - || 18mm copper || -
|-
!colspan="7" align="left" | '''Batteries''' (Diameter and mass vary slightly by brand)
|-
| AA || ~0.98oz., ~28g || ~0.55", ~1.4cm || - || - || 15mm copper || Outer plastic and metal wrapping must be removed.
Diameter varies by brand, cheaper is usually narrower
|-
| AAA || ~.49 oz., 14g || .39", 1 cm || - || - || 15mm copper || -
|-
| [[C cell|C]] || 2.4-2.6 oz., 68-74g || 0.996", 2.53cm || - || - || 28mm copper ||align=left|
* 2" (5.1cm) long
|-
| D || ?? oz., ??g || ?", ?cm || - || - || - || -
|-
!colspan="7" align="left" | '''Other Things'''
|-
| [[CO2_cartridge|12g CO2 Cartridge]] (empty) || 1.05 oz., 30g || 0.73", 1.85cm || - || - ||align=left|
* 0.75" SCH 40 PVC
* 22mm Copper pipe
|| -
|-
| [[Ice]] || ?? oz., ??g || ?", ?cm || - || - || - || -
|-
| [[Pycrete]] || ?? oz., ??g || ?", ?cm || - || - || - || -
|-
| Film Canister || 0.5oz., 12g || 1.45", 3.7cm || - || - ||align=left|
*1.25" SCH 40
*40mm 10bar
|| Fits better with the right sized lid, still very good otherwise
|-
| [[Beverage_can|Soda Can]] || 13.0 oz., 369g (water filled) || 2.6", 6.6cm || - || - ||align=left|
* 2.5" SDR 26
* [[Sleeving|Sleeved]] 3" SCH 40
|| -
|}

[[Category:Projectiles]]

User:Biopyro

2009-05-14T08:24:28Z

Biopyro: New page: I like to occupy myself with the upkeep of the common ammo page.

I like to occupy myself with the upkeep of the common ammo page.

Common Ammo

2009-02-07T19:57:33Z

Biopyro: Added diameter of paintball and added data to batteries section

== Description of the table columns: ==

; Ammo : The type of ammo. For ammo that is cut by the [[barrel]], such as spuds, this gives a typical length of the ammo. The length of the ammo and the barrel diameter determine the actual size of the ammo. For spuds, there is more than one way to [[potato#Selection, cutting and use|cut]] the shell.
; Mass : The mass of the ammo in ounces (oz.) and grams.
; Diameter : The diameter of the ammo in inches (") and centimeters (cm). For ammo that is cut by the barrel, such as spuds, this is the barrel diameter. For ammo that is not cut, such as golf balls, this is the ammo's normal diameter.
; Cd : Coeficient of drag. The Cd of a particular ammo is usually dependent on the velocity of the ammo and whether or not it is spinning or tumbling.
; Terminal Velocity : The maximum velocity the ammo will reach when dropped, in air, form a great height.
; Barrel : Suggestions as suitable barrels for the particular ammo. Primarily for ammo that has a defined size, such as a tennis ball.
; Other Info : Various other bits of information concerning the ammo.

'''Table Notes'''
# The Cd values for the various sport balls (tennis ball, golfball ...) were calculated based on their terminal velocities using the equation Cd=2mg/(Aρvterminal2) with g=9.8m/s and ρ=1290g/m3. The terminal velocities were from [http://www.cord.org/uploadedfiles/CTNJune2002.pdf Terminal Velocity Teachers Notes] and [http://www.gantless.com/paper.html A Penny in Free Fall].

{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" align="left" style="text-align:center"
|+ '''Common Spud Gun Ammo'''
|-
| '''Ammo''' || '''Mass''' || '''Diameter''' || '''Cd''' || '''Terminal Velocity''' || '''Barrel''' ||''' Other Info'''
|-
!colspan="7" align="left" | '''Fruit + Vegetables'''
|-
| half [[Potato]], (2" Long) || 2.5 oz., 72g || 1.59", 4.04cm || - || - || 1.5" SCH 40 ||align=left|
* density ~1.1g/cm3
|-
| half [[Potato]], (2" Long) || 5.0 oz., 120g || 2.05", 5.21cm || - || - || 2" SCH 40 ||align=left|
* density ~1.1g/cm3
|-
| full [[Potato]], (4" Long) || 5.1 oz., 140g || 1.59", 4.04cm || - || - || 1.5" SCH 40 ||align=left|
* density ~1.1g/cm3
|-
| full [[Potato]], (4" Long) || 10 oz., 240g || 2.05", 5.21cm || - || - || 2" SCH 40 ||align=left|
* density ~1.1g/cm3
|-
| Apple, || 4.2 oz., 110g || 2.05", 5.21cm || - || - || 2" SCH 40 || align=left|
* density ~0.95g/cm3
|-
| Citrus Fruit, || 3.5 oz., 100g || 2.05", 5.21cm || - || - || 2" SCH 40 ||align=left|
* density ~0.9g/cm3
|-
!colspan="7" align="left" | '''Balls'''
|-
| Ping-Pong Ball || 0.095 oz., 2.7g || 0.95", 2.51cm || 0.460 <br\> (note 1) || 9m/s, 30fps || - || -
|-
| Roll-on deodorant ball || 0.095 oz., 5g || 1.49", 3.80cm || - || - || 40mm 10bar PVC (UK) || -
|-
| Small pool ball || 1.76 oz., 50g || 1.49", 3.80cm || - || - || 40mm 10bar PVC (UK) || -
|-
| [[Golf ball]] || 1.59 oz., 45g || 1.68", 4.27cm || 0.299 <br\> (note 1) || 40m/s, 132fps || - || -
|-
| [[Tennis_ball|Tennis Ball]] || 2.08 oz., 59g || 2.56", 6.5cm || 0.283 <br\> (note 1) || 31m/s, 102fps ||align=left|
* 2.5" SCH 40
* 2.5" SDR 21
* 2.5" SDR 26
|| -
|-
| Baseball || 5.1 oz., 145g || 2.9", 7.4cm || 0.290 (note 1) || 42m/s, 138fps || - || -
|-
| Basketball || 21.2 oz., 600g || 9.5", 24.1cm || 0.500 (note 1) || 20m/s, 66fps || - || -
|-
!colspan="7" align="left" | '''Ball Bearings (BBs, Airsoft, Paintballs...)'''
|-
| 0.177" Copper/Steel BB || 0.0116 oz, 0.33g || 0.177", 0.45cm || - || - || - || -
|-
| 6mm Airsoft || 0.0071 oz., 0.20g || 0.23", 0.6cm || - || - || - || -
|-
| .68" [[Paintball]] || 0.1 oz., 3.2g || 0.68", 1.75cm || - || - ||align=left|
* 0.5" SDR 13.5
*0.5" PN15 (UK)
|| -
|-
| .61" glass [[marble]] || 0.17 oz., 5g || .61", 1.5cm || - || - || 18mm copper || -
|-
!colspan="7" align="left" | '''Batteries''' (Diameter and mass vary slightly by brand)
|-
| AA || ~0.98oz., ~28g || ~0.55", ~1.4cm || - || - || 15mm copper || Outer plastic and metal wrapping must be removed.
Diameter varies by brand, cheaper is usually narrower
|-
| AAA || ~.49 oz., 14g || .39", 1 cm || - || - || 15mm copper || -
|-
| [[C cell|C]] || 2.4-2.6 oz., 68-74g || 0.996", 2.53cm || - || - || 28mm copper ||align=left|
* 2" (5.1cm) long
|-
| D || ?? oz., ??g || ?", ?cm || - || - || - || -
|-
!colspan="7" align="left" | '''Other Things'''
|-
| [[CO2_cartridge|12g CO2 Cartridge]] (empty) || 1.05 oz., 30g || 0.73", 1.85cm || - || - ||align=left|
* 0.75" SCH 40 PVC
* 22mm Copper pipe
|| -
|-
| [[Ice]] || ?? oz., ??g || ?", ?cm || - || - || - || -
|-
| [[Pycrete]] || ?? oz., ??g || ?", ?cm || - || - || - || -
|-
| Film Canister || 0.5oz., 12g || 1.45", 3.7cm || - || - ||align=left|
*1.25" SCH 40
*40mm 10bar
|| Fits better with the right sized lid, still very good otherwise
|-
| [[Beverage_can|Soda Can]] || 13.0 oz., 369g (water filled) || 2.6", 6.6cm || - || - ||align=left|
* 2.5" SDR 26
* [[Sleeving|Sleeved]] 3" SCH 40
|| -
|}

[[Category:Projectiles]]

Common Ammo

2009-02-07T19:07:27Z

Biopyro: changed barrel diameter of potato entries (did not correspond with potato diameter!)

== Description of the table columns: ==

; Ammo : The type of ammo. For ammo that is cut by the [[barrel]], such as spuds, this gives a typical length of the ammo. The length of the ammo and the barrel diameter determine the actual size of the ammo. For spuds, there is more than one way to [[potato#Selection, cutting and use|cut]] the shell.
; Mass : The mass of the ammo in ounces (oz.) and grams.
; Diameter : The diameter of the ammo in inches (") and centimeters (cm). For ammo that is cut by the barrel, such as spuds, this is the barrel diameter. For ammo that is not cut, such as golf balls, this is the ammo's normal diameter.
; Cd : Coeficient of drag. The Cd of a particular ammo is usually dependent on the velocity of the ammo and whether or not it is spinning or tumbling.
; Terminal Velocity : The maximum velocity the ammo will reach when dropped, in air, form a great height.
; Barrel : Suggestions as suitable barrels for the particular ammo. Primarily for ammo that has a defined size, such as a tennis ball.
; Other Info : Various other bits of information concerning the ammo.

'''Table Notes'''
# The Cd values for the various sport balls (tennis ball, golfball ...) were calculated based on their terminal velocities using the equation Cd=2mg/(Aρvterminal2) with g=9.8m/s and ρ=1290g/m3. The terminal velocities were from [http://www.cord.org/uploadedfiles/CTNJune2002.pdf Terminal Velocity Teachers Notes] and [http://www.gantless.com/paper.html A Penny in Free Fall].

{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" align="left" style="text-align:center"
|+ '''Common Spud Gun Ammo'''
|-
| '''Ammo''' || '''Mass''' || '''Diameter''' || '''Cd''' || '''Terminal Velocity''' || '''Barrel''' ||''' Other Info'''
|-
!colspan="7" align="left" | '''Fruit + Vegetables'''
|-
| half [[Potato]], 2" Long || 2.5 oz., 72g || 1.59", 4.04cm || - || - || 1.5" SCH 40 ||align=left|
* density ~1.1g/cm3
|-
| half [[Potato]], 2" Long || 5.0 oz., 120g || 2.05", 5.21cm || - || - || 2" SCH 40 ||align=left|
* density ~1.1g/cm3
|-
| full [[Potato]], 4" Long || 5.1 oz., 140g || 1.59", 4.04cm || - || - || 1.5" SCH 40 ||align=left|
* density ~1.1g/cm3
|-
| full [[Potato]], 4" Long || 10 oz., 240g || 2.05", 5.21cm || - || - || 2" SCH 40 ||align=left|
* density ~1.1g/cm3
|-
| Apple, || 4.2 oz., 110g || 2.05", 5.21cm || - || - || 2" SCH 40 || align=left|
* density ~0.95g/cm3
|-
| Citrus Fruit, || 3.5 oz., 100g || 2.05", 5.21cm || - || - || 2" SCH 40 ||align=left|
* density ~0.9g/cm3
|-
!colspan="7" align="left" | '''Balls'''
|-
| Ping-Pong Ball || 0.095 oz., 2.7g || 0.95", 2.51cm || 0.460 <br\> (note 1) || 9m/s, 30fps || - || -
|-
| Roll-on deodorant ball || 0.095 oz., 5g || 1.49", 3.80cm || - || - || 40mm 10bar PVC (UK) || -
|-
| Small pool ball || 1.76 oz., 50g || 1.49", 3.80cm || - || - || 40mm 10bar PVC (UK) || -
|-
| [[Golf ball]] || 1.59 oz., 45g || 1.68", 4.27cm || 0.299 <br\> (note 1) || 40m/s, 132fps || - || -
|-
| [[Tennis_ball|Tennis Ball]] || 2.08 oz., 59g || 2.56", 6.5cm || 0.283 <br\> (note 1) || 31m/s, 102fps ||align=left|
* 2.5" SCH 40
* 2.5" SDR 21
* 2.5" SDR 26
|| -
|-
| Baseball || 5.1 oz., 145g || 2.9", 7.4cm || 0.290 (note 1) || 42m/s, 138fps || - || -
|-
| Basketball || 21.2 oz., 600g || 9.5", 24.1cm || 0.500 (note 1) || 20m/s, 66fps || - || -
|-
!colspan="7" align="left" | '''Ball Bearings (BBs, Airsoft, Paintballs...)'''
|-
| 0.177" Copper/Steel BB || 0.0116 oz, 0.33g || 0.177", 0.45cm || - || - || - || -
|-
| 6mm Airsoft || 0.0071 oz., 0.20g || 0.23", 0.6cm || - || - || - || -
|-
| .68" [[Paintball]] || 0.1 oz., 3.2g || ?", ?cm || - || - ||align=left| * 0.5" SDR 13.5 || -
|-
| .61" glass [[marble]] || 0.17 oz., 5g || .61", 1.5cm || - || - || 18mm copper || -
|-
!colspan="7" align="left" | '''Batteries'''
|-
| AA || ? oz., ?g || ?", ?cm || - || - || - || -
|-
| AAA || ? oz., ?g || ?", ?cm || - || - || - || -
|-
| [[C cell|C]] || 2.4-2.6 oz., 68-74g || 0.996", 2.53cm || - || - || - ||align=left|
* 2" (5.1cm) long
* mass varies by brand
|-
| D || ?? oz., ??g || ?", ?cm || - || - || - || -
|-
!colspan="7" align="left" | '''Other Things'''
|-
| [[CO2_cartridge|12g CO2 Cartridge]] (empty) || 1.05 oz., 30g || 0.73", 1.85cm || - || - ||align=left|
* 0.75" SCH 40 PVC
* 22mm Copper pipe
|| -
|-
| [[Ice]] || ?? oz., ??g || ?", ?cm || - || - || - || -
|-
| [[Pycrete]] || ?? oz., ??g || ?", ?cm || - || - || - || -
|-
| Film Canister || 0.5oz., 12g || 1.45", 3.7cm || - || - ||align=left|
*1.25" SCH 40
*40mm 10bar
||* Fits better with the right sized lid, still very good otherwise
|-
| [[Beverage_can|Soda Can]] || 13.0 oz., 369g (water filled) || 2.6", 6.6cm || - || - ||align=left|
* 2.5" SDR 26
* [[Sleeving|Sleeved]] 3" SCH 40
|| -
|}

[[Category:Projectiles]]

Common Ammo

2009-02-07T19:06:02Z

Biopyro: /* Description of the table columns: */

== Description of the table columns: ==

; Ammo : The type of ammo. For ammo that is cut by the [[barrel]], such as spuds, this gives a typical length of the ammo. The length of the ammo and the barrel diameter determine the actual size of the ammo. For spuds, there is more than one way to [[potato#Selection, cutting and use|cut]] the shell.
; Mass : The mass of the ammo in ounces (oz.) and grams.
; Diameter : The diameter of the ammo in inches (") and centimeters (cm). For ammo that is cut by the barrel, such as spuds, this is the barrel diameter. For ammo that is not cut, such as golf balls, this is the ammo's normal diameter.
; Cd : Coeficient of drag. The Cd of a particular ammo is usually dependent on the velocity of the ammo and whether or not it is spinning or tumbling.
; Terminal Velocity : The maximum velocity the ammo will reach when dropped, in air, form a great height.
; Barrel : Suggestions as suitable barrels for the particular ammo. Primarily for ammo that has a defined size, such as a tennis ball.
; Other Info : Various other bits of information concerning the ammo.

'''Table Notes'''
# The Cd values for the various sport balls (tennis ball, golfball ...) were calculated based on their terminal velocities using the equation Cd=2mg/(Aρvterminal2) with g=9.8m/s and ρ=1290g/m3. The terminal velocities were from [http://www.cord.org/uploadedfiles/CTNJune2002.pdf Terminal Velocity Teachers Notes] and [http://www.gantless.com/paper.html A Penny in Free Fall].

{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" align="left" style="text-align:center"
|+ '''Common Spud Gun Ammo'''
|-
| '''Ammo''' || '''Mass''' || '''Diameter''' || '''Cd''' || '''Terminal Velocity''' || '''Barrel''' ||''' Other Info'''
|-
!colspan="7" align="left" | '''Fruit + Vegetables'''
|-
| half [[Potato]], 2" Long || 2.5 oz., 72g || 1.59", 4.04cm || - || - || 1.5" SCH 40 ||align=left|
* density ~1.1g/cm3
|-
| half [[Potato]], 2" Long || 5.0 oz., 120g || '''2.05", 5.21cm''' || - || - || 1.5" SCH 40 ||align=left|
* density ~1.1g/cm3
|-
| full [[Potato]], 4" Long || 5.1 oz., 140g || 1.59", 4.04cm || - || - || 1.5" SCH 40 ||align=left|
* density ~1.1g/cm3
|-
| full [[Potato]], 4" Long || 10 oz., 240g || '''2.05", 5.21cm''' || - || - || 1.5" SCH 40 ||align=left|
* density ~1.1g/cm3
|-
| Apple, || 4.2 oz., 110g || 2.05", 5.21cm || - || - || 2" SCH 40 || align=left|
* density ~0.95g/cm3
|-
| Citrus Fruit, || 3.5 oz., 100g || 2.05", 5.21cm || - || - || 2" SCH 40 ||align=left|
* density ~0.9g/cm3
|-
!colspan="7" align="left" | '''Balls'''
|-
| Ping-Pong Ball || 0.095 oz., 2.7g || 0.95", 2.51cm || 0.460 <br\> (note 1) || 9m/s, 30fps || - || -
|-
| Roll-on deodorant ball || 0.095 oz., 5g || 1.49", 3.80cm || - || - || 40mm 10bar PVC (UK) || -
|-
| Small pool ball || 1.76 oz., 50g || 1.49", 3.80cm || - || - || 40mm 10bar PVC (UK) || -
|-
| [[Golf ball]] || 1.59 oz., 45g || 1.68", 4.27cm || 0.299 <br\> (note 1) || 40m/s, 132fps || - || -
|-
| [[Tennis_ball|Tennis Ball]] || 2.08 oz., 59g || 2.56", 6.5cm || 0.283 <br\> (note 1) || 31m/s, 102fps ||align=left|
* 2.5" SCH 40
* 2.5" SDR 21
* 2.5" SDR 26
|| -
|-
| Baseball || 5.1 oz., 145g || 2.9", 7.4cm || 0.290 (note 1) || 42m/s, 138fps || - || -
|-
| Basketball || 21.2 oz., 600g || 9.5", 24.1cm || 0.500 (note 1) || 20m/s, 66fps || - || -
|-
!colspan="7" align="left" | '''Ball Bearings (BBs, Airsoft, Paintballs...)'''
|-
| 0.177" Copper/Steel BB || 0.0116 oz, 0.33g || 0.177", 0.45cm || - || - || - || -
|-
| 6mm Airsoft || 0.0071 oz., 0.20g || 0.23", 0.6cm || - || - || - || -
|-
| .68" [[Paintball]] || 0.1 oz., 3.2g || ?", ?cm || - || - ||align=left| * 0.5" SDR 13.5 || -
|-
| .61" glass [[marble]] || 0.17 oz., 5g || .61", 1.5cm || - || - || 18mm copper || -
|-
!colspan="7" align="left" | '''Batteries'''
|-
| AA || ? oz., ?g || ?", ?cm || - || - || - || -
|-
| AAA || ? oz., ?g || ?", ?cm || - || - || - || -
|-
| [[C cell|C]] || 2.4-2.6 oz., 68-74g || 0.996", 2.53cm || - || - || - ||align=left|
* 2" (5.1cm) long
* mass varies by brand
|-
| D || ?? oz., ??g || ?", ?cm || - || - || - || -
|-
!colspan="7" align="left" | '''Other Things'''
|-
| [[CO2_cartridge|12g CO2 Cartridge]] (empty) || 1.05 oz., 30g || 0.73", 1.85cm || - || - ||align=left|
* 0.75" SCH 40 PVC
* 22mm Copper pipe
|| -
|-
| [[Ice]] || ?? oz., ??g || ?", ?cm || - || - || - || -
|-
| [[Pycrete]] || ?? oz., ??g || ?", ?cm || - || - || - || -
|-
| Film Canister || 0.5oz., 12g || 1.45", 3.7cm || - || - ||align=left|
*1.25" SCH 40
*40mm 10bar
||* Fits better with the right sized lid, still very good otherwise
|-
| [[Beverage_can|Soda Can]] || 13.0 oz., 369g (water filled) || 2.6", 6.6cm || - || - ||align=left|
* 2.5" SDR 26
* [[Sleeving|Sleeved]] 3" SCH 40
|| -
|}

[[Category:Projectiles]]

Talk:Common Ammo

2009-02-07T19:03:12Z

Biopyro: added information about moving Cd values

07 february 2009
I think the CD data should be moved to a separate page. People have been trying (or not) to determine it for other non-spherical ammo since at least 02/06/08, and haven't added it here if they have found it. The extra collumns clutter the other tables, and the CD values are only relevant for advanced calculations. The terminal velocity, on the other hand should be left here as it is useful when thinking about ammo.
----------------------------------
02/06/08 I took out the data for 4" long potatoes, since anyone can tell this will just be twice the weight of a 2" slug. I also added in an apple and a citrus fruit entry. Density of these fruits are estimated based on how well they float.

I think the CD of the sports ball ammo could perhaps be put on a different page or at leas a separate table since there isn't data for any other ammo now or future additions.
----------------------------------
02/06/08 I've added the short and long spud data back into the table. I agree that it is trivial to go from one to the other but that assumes people are even aware that some spudders shoot half-spuds and others shoot full-spuds. The difference in things like muzzle velocity, range, hang-time and KE are hugely different between half and full spuds. I shoot half spuds (and occasionaly post chrono data), all of Latke's data is for half spuds. I suspect the typical new spudder shoots full spuds.

I think the Cd data should be left on this page. People are working on determining the Cd of other ammo, like spuds. It really isn't all that hard to collect tha data needed to calculate the Cd of an ammo. You just need a chrono and a stopwatch. Besides, the Cd of an ammo is an important parameter of the ammo, the fact that it is missing (especially for common ammos like spuds) tells the reader that it probably isn't worth the effort to try to google for a value.
jimmy101

Common Ammo

2009-02-07T18:55:58Z

Biopyro: Added small pool balls

== Description of the table columns: ==

; Ammo : The type of ammo. For ammo that is cut by the [[barrel]], such as spuds, this gives a typical length of the ammo. The length of the ammo and the barrel diameter determine the actual size of the ammo. For spuds, there is more than one way to [[potato#Selection, cutting and use|cut]] the shell.
; Mass : The mass of the ammo in ounces (oz.) and grams.
; Diameter : The diameter of the ammo in inches (") and centimeters (cm). For ammo that is cut by the barrel, such as spuds, this is the barrel diameter. For ammo that is not cut, such as golf balls, this is the ammo's normal diameter.
; Cd : Coeficient of drag. The Cd of a particular ammo is usually dependent on the velocity of the ammo and whether or not it is spinning or tumbling.
; Terminal Velocity : The maximum velocity the ammo will reach when dropped, in air, form a great height.
; Barrel : Suggestions as suitable barrels for the particular ammo. Primarily for ammo that has a defined size, such as a tennis ball.
; Other Info : Various other bits of information concerning the ammo.

'''Table Notes'''
# The Cd values for the various sport balls (tennis ball, golfball ...) were calculated based on their terminal velocities using the equation Cd=2mg/(Aρvterminal2) with g=9.8m/s and ρ=1290g/m3. The terminal velocities were from [http://www.cord.org/uploadedfiles/CTNJune2002.pdf Terminal Velocity Teachers Notes] and [http://www.gantless.com/paper.html A Penny in Free Fall].

{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" align="left" style="text-align:center"
|+ '''Common Spud Gun Ammo'''
|-
| '''Ammo''' || '''Mass''' || '''Diameter''' || '''Cd''' || '''Terminal Velocity''' || '''Barrel''' ||''' Other Info'''
|-
!colspan="7" align="left" | '''Fruit + Vegetables'''
|-
| half [[Potato]], 2"L || 2.5 oz., 72g || 1.59", 4.04cm || - || - || 1.5" SCH 40 ||align=left|
* density ~1.1g/cm3
|-
| half [[Potato]], 2"L || 5.0 oz., 120g || 2.05", 5.21cm || - || - || 1.5" SCH 40 ||align=left|
* density ~1.1g/cm3
|-
| full [[Potato]], 4"L || 5.1 oz., 140g || 1.59", 4.04cm || - || - || 1.5" SCH 40 ||align=left|
* density ~1.1g/cm3
|-
| full [[Potato]], 4"L || 10 oz., 240g || 2.05", 5.21cm || - || - || 1.5" SCH 40 ||align=left|
* density ~1.1g/cm3
|-
| Apple, || 4.2 oz., 110g || 2.05", 5.21cm || - || - || 2" SCH 40 || align=left|
* density ~0.95g/cm3
|-
| Citrus Fruit, || 3.5 oz., 100g || 2.05", 5.21cm || - || - || 2" SCH 40 ||align=left|
* density ~0.9g/cm3
|-
!colspan="7" align="left" | '''Balls'''
|-
| Ping-Pong Ball || 0.095 oz., 2.7g || 0.95", 2.51cm || 0.460 <br\> (note 1) || 9m/s, 30fps || - || -
|-
| Roll-on deodorant ball || 0.095 oz., 5g || 1.49", 3.80cm || - || - || 40mm 10bar PVC (UK) || -
|-
| Small pool ball || 1.76 oz., 50g || 1.49", 3.80cm || - || - || 40mm 10bar PVC (UK) || -
|-
| [[Golf ball]] || 1.59 oz., 45g || 1.68", 4.27cm || 0.299 <br\> (note 1) || 40m/s, 132fps || - || -
|-
| [[Tennis_ball|Tennis Ball]] || 2.08 oz., 59g || 2.56", 6.5cm || 0.283 <br\> (note 1) || 31m/s, 102fps ||align=left|
* 2.5" SCH 40
* 2.5" SDR 21
* 2.5" SDR 26
|| -
|-
| Baseball || 5.1 oz., 145g || 2.9", 7.4cm || 0.290 (note 1) || 42m/s, 138fps || - || -
|-
| Basketball || 21.2 oz., 600g || 9.5", 24.1cm || 0.500 (note 1) || 20m/s, 66fps || - || -
|-
!colspan="7" align="left" | '''Ball Bearings (BBs, Airsoft, Paintballs...)'''
|-
| 0.177" Copper/Steel BB || 0.0116 oz, 0.33g || 0.177", 0.45cm || - || - || - || -
|-
| 6mm Airsoft || 0.0071 oz., 0.20g || 0.23", 0.6cm || - || - || - || -
|-
| .68" [[Paintball]] || 0.1 oz., 3.2g || ?", ?cm || - || - ||align=left| * 0.5" SDR 13.5 || -
|-
| .61" glass [[marble]] || 0.17 oz., 5g || .61", 1.5cm || - || - || 18mm copper || -
|-
!colspan="7" align="left" | '''Batteries'''
|-
| AA || ? oz., ?g || ?", ?cm || - || - || - || -
|-
| AAA || ? oz., ?g || ?", ?cm || - || - || - || -
|-
| [[C cell|C]] || 2.4-2.6 oz., 68-74g || 0.996", 2.53cm || - || - || - ||align=left|
* 2" (5.1cm) long
* mass varies by brand
|-
| D || ?? oz., ??g || ?", ?cm || - || - || - || -
|-
!colspan="7" align="left" | '''Other Things'''
|-
| [[CO2_cartridge|12g CO2 Cartridge]] (empty) || 1.05 oz., 30g || 0.73", 1.85cm || - || - ||align=left|
* 0.75" SCH 40 PVC
* 22mm Copper pipe
|| -
|-
| [[Ice]] || ?? oz., ??g || ?", ?cm || - || - || - || -
|-
| [[Pycrete]] || ?? oz., ??g || ?", ?cm || - || - || - || -
|-
| Film Canister || 0.5oz., 12g || 1.45", 3.7cm || - || - ||align=left|
*1.25" SCH 40
*40mm 10bar
||* Fits better with the right sized lid, still very good otherwise
|-
| [[Beverage_can|Soda Can]] || 13.0 oz., 369g (water filled) || 2.6", 6.6cm || - || - ||align=left|
* 2.5" SDR 26
* [[Sleeving|Sleeved]] 3" SCH 40
|| -
|}

[[Category:Projectiles]]

Common Ammo

2009-02-07T18:54:43Z

Biopyro: /* Description of the table columns: */

== Description of the table columns: ==

; Ammo : The type of ammo. For ammo that is cut by the [[barrel]], such as spuds, this gives a typical length of the ammo. The length of the ammo and the barrel diameter determine the actual size of the ammo. For spuds, there is more than one way to [[potato#Selection, cutting and use|cut]] the shell.
; Mass : The mass of the ammo in ounces (oz.) and grams.
; Diameter : The diameter of the ammo in inches (") and centimeters (cm). For ammo that is cut by the barrel, such as spuds, this is the barrel diameter. For ammo that is not cut, such as golf balls, this is the ammo's normal diameter.
; Cd : Coeficient of drag. The Cd of a particular ammo is usually dependent on the velocity of the ammo and whether or not it is spinning or tumbling.
; Terminal Velocity : The maximum velocity the ammo will reach when dropped, in air, form a great height.
; Barrel : Suggestions as suitable barrels for the particular ammo. Primarily for ammo that has a defined size, such as a tennis ball.
; Other Info : Various other bits of information concerning the ammo.

'''Table Notes'''
# The Cd values for the various sport balls (tennis ball, golfball ...) were calculated based on their terminal velocities using the equation Cd=2mg/(Aρvterminal2) with g=9.8m/s and ρ=1290g/m3. The terminal velocities were from [http://www.cord.org/uploadedfiles/CTNJune2002.pdf Terminal Velocity Teachers Notes] and [http://www.gantless.com/paper.html A Penny in Free Fall].

{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" align="left" style="text-align:center"
|+ '''Common Spud Gun Ammo'''
|-
| '''Ammo''' || '''Mass''' || '''Diameter''' || '''Cd''' || '''Terminal Velocity''' || '''Barrel''' ||''' Other Info'''
|-
!colspan="7" align="left" | '''Fruit + Vegetables'''
|-
| half [[Potato]], 2"L || 2.5 oz., 72g || 1.59", 4.04cm || - || - || 1.5" SCH 40 ||align=left|
* density ~1.1g/cm3
|-
| half [[Potato]], 2"L || 5.0 oz., 120g || 2.05", 5.21cm || - || - || 1.5" SCH 40 ||align=left|
* density ~1.1g/cm3
|-
| full [[Potato]], 4"L || 5.1 oz., 140g || 1.59", 4.04cm || - || - || 1.5" SCH 40 ||align=left|
* density ~1.1g/cm3
|-
| full [[Potato]], 4"L || 10 oz., 240g || 2.05", 5.21cm || - || - || 1.5" SCH 40 ||align=left|
* density ~1.1g/cm3
|-
| Apple, || 4.2 oz., 110g || 2.05", 5.21cm || - || - || 2" SCH 40 || align=left|
* density ~0.95g/cm3
|-
| Citrus Fruit, || 3.5 oz., 100g || 2.05", 5.21cm || - || - || 2" SCH 40 ||align=left|
* density ~0.9g/cm3
|-
!colspan="7" align="left" | '''Balls'''
|-
| Ping-Pong Ball || 0.095 oz., 2.7g || 0.95", 2.51cm || 0.460 <br\> (note 1) || 9m/s, 30fps || - || -
|-
| Roll-on deodorant ball || 0.095 oz., 5g || 1.49", 3.80cm || - || - || 40mm 10bar PVC (UK) || -
|-
| Small pool ball || 0.095 oz., 5g || 1.49", 3.80cm || - || - || 40mm 10bar PVC (UK) || -
|-
| [[Golf ball]] || 1.59 oz., 45g || 1.68", 4.27cm || 0.299 <br\> (note 1) || 40m/s, 132fps || - || -
|-
| [[Tennis_ball|Tennis Ball]] || 2.08 oz., 59g || 2.56", 6.5cm || 0.283 <br\> (note 1) || 31m/s, 102fps ||align=left|
* 2.5" SCH 40
* 2.5" SDR 21
* 2.5" SDR 26
|| -
|-
| Baseball || 5.1 oz., 145g || 2.9", 7.4cm || 0.290 (note 1) || 42m/s, 138fps || - || -
|-
| Basketball || 21.2 oz., 600g || 9.5", 24.1cm || 0.500 (note 1) || 20m/s, 66fps || - || -
|-
!colspan="7" align="left" | '''Ball Bearings (BBs, Airsoft, Paintballs...)'''
|-
| 0.177" Copper/Steel BB || 0.0116 oz, 0.33g || 0.177", 0.45cm || - || - || - || -
|-
| 6mm Airsoft || 0.0071 oz., 0.20g || 0.23", 0.6cm || - || - || - || -
|-
| .68" [[Paintball]] || 0.1 oz., 3.2g || ?", ?cm || - || - ||align=left| * 0.5" SDR 13.5 || -
|-
| .61" glass [[marble]] || 0.17 oz., 5g || .61", 1.5cm || - || - || 18mm copper || -
|-
!colspan="7" align="left" | '''Batteries'''
|-
| AA || ? oz., ?g || ?", ?cm || - || - || - || -
|-
| AAA || ? oz., ?g || ?", ?cm || - || - || - || -
|-
| [[C cell|C]] || 2.4-2.6 oz., 68-74g || 0.996", 2.53cm || - || - || - ||align=left|
* 2" (5.1cm) long
* mass varies by brand
|-
| D || ?? oz., ??g || ?", ?cm || - || - || - || -
|-
!colspan="7" align="left" | '''Other Things'''
|-
| [[CO2_cartridge|12g CO2 Cartridge]] (empty) || 1.05 oz., 30g || 0.73", 1.85cm || - || - ||align=left|
* 0.75" SCH 40 PVC
* 22mm Copper pipe
|| -
|-
| [[Ice]] || ?? oz., ??g || ?", ?cm || - || - || - || -
|-
| [[Pycrete]] || ?? oz., ??g || ?", ?cm || - || - || - || -
|-
| Film Canister || 0.5oz., 12g || 1.45", 3.7cm || - || - ||align=left|
*1.25" SCH 40
*40mm 10bar
||* Fits better with the right sized lid, still very good otherwise
|-
| [[Beverage_can|Soda Can]] || 13.0 oz., 369g (water filled) || 2.6", 6.6cm || - || - ||align=left|
* 2.5" SDR 26
* [[Sleeving|Sleeved]] 3" SCH 40
|| -
|}

[[Category:Projectiles]]

Common Ammo

2009-01-18T14:13:08Z

Biopyro: added roll-on deodorant ball

== Description of the table columns: ==

; Ammo : The type of ammo. For ammo that is cut by the [[barrel]], such as spuds, this gives a typical length of the ammo. The length of the ammo and the barrel diameter determine the actual size of the ammo. For spuds, there is more than one way to [[potato#Selection, cutting and use|cut]] the shell.
; Mass : The mass of the ammo in ounces (oz.) and grams.
; Diameter : The diameter of the ammo in inches (") and centimeters (cm). For ammo that is cut by the barrel, such as spuds, this is the barrel diameter. For ammo that is not cut, such as golf balls, this is the ammo's normal diameter.
; Cd : Coeficient of drag. The Cd of a particular ammo is usually dependent on the velocity of the ammo and whether or not it is spinning or tumbling.
; Terminal Velocity : The maximum velocity the ammo will reach when dropped, in air, form a great height.
; Barrel : Suggestions as suitable barrels for the particular ammo. Primarily for ammo that has a defined size, such as a tennis ball.
; Other Info : Various other bits of information concerning the ammo.

'''Table Notes'''
# The Cd values for the various sport balls (tennis ball, golfball ...) were calculated based on their terminal velocities using the equation Cd=2mg/(Aρvterminal2) with g=9.8m/s and ρ=1290g/m3. The terminal velocities were from [http://www.cord.org/uploadedfiles/CTNJune2002.pdf Terminal Velocity Teachers Notes] and [http://www.gantless.com/paper.html A Penny in Free Fall].

{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" align="left" style="text-align:center"
|+ '''Common Spud Gun Ammo'''
|-
| '''Ammo''' || '''Mass''' || '''Diameter''' || '''Cd''' || '''Terminal Velocity''' || '''Barrel''' ||''' Other Info'''
|-
!colspan="7" align="left" | '''Fruit + Vegetables'''
|-
| half [[Potato]], 2"L || 2.5 oz., 72g || 1.59", 4.04cm || - || - || 1.5" SCH 40 ||align=left|
* density ~1.1g/cm3
|-
| half [[Potato]], 2"L || 5.0 oz., 120g || 2.05", 5.21cm || - || - || 1.5" SCH 40 ||align=left|
* density ~1.1g/cm3
|-
| full [[Potato]], 4"L || 5.1 oz., 140g || 1.59", 4.04cm || - || - || 1.5" SCH 40 ||align=left|
* density ~1.1g/cm3
|-
| full [[Potato]], 4"L || 10 oz., 240g || 2.05", 5.21cm || - || - || 1.5" SCH 40 ||align=left|
* density ~1.1g/cm3
|-
| Apple, || 4.2 oz., 110g || 2.05", 5.21cm || - || - || 2" SCH 40 || align=left|
* density ~0.95g/cm3
|-
| Citrus Fruit, || 3.5 oz., 100g || 2.05", 5.21cm || - || - || 2" SCH 40 ||align=left|
* density ~0.9g/cm3
|-
!colspan="7" align="left" | '''Balls'''
|-
| Ping-Pong Ball || 0.095 oz., 2.7g || 0.95", 2.51cm || 0.460 <br\> (note 1) || 9m/s, 30fps || - || -
|-
| Roll-on deodorant ball || 0.095 oz., 5g || 1.49", 3.80cm || - || - || 40mm 10bar PVC (UK) || -
|-
| [[Golf ball]] || 1.59 oz., 45g || 1.68", 4.27cm || 0.299 <br\> (note 1) || 40m/s, 132fps || - || -
|-
| [[Tennis_ball|Tennis Ball]] || 2.08 oz., 59g || 2.56", 6.5cm || 0.283 <br\> (note 1) || 31m/s, 102fps ||align=left|
* 2.5" SCH 40
* 2.5" SDR 21
* 2.5" SDR 26
|| -
|-
| Baseball || 5.1 oz., 145g || 2.9", 7.4cm || 0.290 (note 1) || 42m/s, 138fps || - || -
|-
| Basketball || 21.2 oz., 600g || 9.5", 24.1cm || 0.500 (note 1) || 20m/s, 66fps || - || -
|-
!colspan="7" align="left" | '''Ball Bearings (BBs, Airsoft, Paintballs...)'''
|-
| 0.177" Copper/Steel BB || 0.0116 oz, 0.33g || 0.177", 0.45cm || - || - || - || -
|-
| 6mm Airsoft || 0.0071 oz., 0.20g || 0.23", 0.6cm || - || - || - || -
|-
| .68" [[Paintball]] || 0.1 oz., 3.2g || ?", ?cm || - || - ||align=left| * 0.5" SDR 13.5 || -
|-
| .61" glass [[marble]] || 0.17 oz., 5g || .61", 1.5cm || - || - || 18mm copper || -
|-
!colspan="7" align="left" | '''Batteries'''
|-
| AA || ? oz., ?g || ?", ?cm || - || - || - || -
|-
| AAA || ? oz., ?g || ?", ?cm || - || - || - || -
|-
| [[C cell|C]] || 2.4-2.6 oz., 68-74g || 0.996", 2.53cm || - || - || - ||align=left|
* 2" (5.1cm) long
* mass varies by brand
|-
| D || ?? oz., ??g || ?", ?cm || - || - || - || -
|-
!colspan="7" align="left" | '''Other Things'''
|-
| [[CO2_cartridge|12g CO2 Cartridge]] (empty) || 1.05 oz., 30g || 0.73", 1.85cm || - || - ||align=left|
* 0.75" SCH 40 PVC
* 22mm Copper pipe
|| -
|-
| [[Ice]] || ?? oz., ??g || ?", ?cm || - || - || - || -
|-
| [[Pycrete]] || ?? oz., ??g || ?", ?cm || - || - || - || -
|-
| Film Canister || 0.5oz., 12g || 1.45", 3.7cm || - || - ||align=left|
*1.25" SCH 40
*40mm 10bar
||* Fits better with the right sized lid, still very good otherwise
|-
| [[Beverage_can|Soda Can]] || 13.0 oz., 369g (water filled) || 2.6", 6.6cm || - || - ||align=left|
* 2.5" SDR 26
* [[Sleeving|Sleeved]] 3" SCH 40
|| -
|}

[[Category:Projectiles]]

Compressor

2008-06-08T18:44:19Z

Biopyro: /* Pros/Cons of each type */

A '''compressor''' is a mechanical pump that compresses gas. They range from small 12 Volt emergency compressors with relatively high [[pressure]] but very low volume, to shop compressors with large air tanks for storage, and scuba compressors that can deliver thousands of [[psi]] to fill high pressure cylinders.

== Pros/Cons of each type ==
'''12 Volt Emergency Compressor:'''

''Advantages:''
* Quite cheap to buy
* Light
* Theoretically capable of 200-300 psi

''Disadvantages:''
* Low flow
* Poor duty cycle - as low as 20% of each hour working (the other 80% of each hour is for rest) is not uncommon.
* Prone to malfunction and often have a very short life.
* Requires power source (Car battery, car battery charger, or Mains to cigarette socket transformer)
* Noisy

'''Tool/Shop Compressor:'''

''Advantages:''
* Reasonably cheap to run
* Fast.
* Won't run out, unlike [[gas bottle]]s.
* Can provide a mobile pressure supply if gasoline powered.

''Disadvantages:''
* Requires power socket (if electrical).
* Requires fuel (if [[gasoline]] powered).
* Heavy.
* Typically limited to 8 bar/120 psi but 10 bar/145 psi types are available.
* Can be costly to buy initially.
* Noisy

'''Scuba Compressor'''

''Advantages:''
* Very high pressure (typically 2500-4500 psi)
* Can be used to fill gas bottles.
* Moderate flow

''Disadvantages:''
* Very large.
* Very expensive.
* Noisy.
* Power socket required.

==Types of compressors==
*'''Reciprocating''' - Uses a reciprocating piston to draw gas in through a [[valve]] and force the drawn gas into a storage tank or through a smaller orifice. They are available with single or multiple cylinders, depending upon the pressure and volume required. Reciprocating compressors are referred to as positive displacement compressors. (1)
*'''Rotary Screw''' - Two intermeshing helical rotors in a twin bore case are used to compress between one convex and one concave rotor. The trapped volume of gas is decreased while the pressure is increased. Rotary screw compressors are referred to as positive displacement compressors. (1)
*'''Centrifugal Compressor''' - Unlike the reciprocating and rotary screw compressors, centrifugal compressors do not make use of positive displacement. Gas enters the center of rotation of an element and is forced outward. The element can use curved blades, radial blades, or backward blades. The acceleration of the gas causes the pressure to rise. (1)

sources:
(1) http://www.ctrlsys.com/library/applications/compressors-2.php

[[Category:Tools]]

Talk:Common Ammo

2008-06-02T13:51:20Z

Biopyro:

02/06/08 I took out the data for 4" long potatoes, since anyone can tell this will just be twice the weight of a 2" slug. I also added in an apple and a citrus fruit entry. Density of these fruits are estimated based on how well they float.

I think the CD of the sports ball ammo could perhaps be put on a different page or at leas a separate table since there isn't data for any other ammo now or future additions.

C cell

2008-06-02T13:45:45Z

Biopyro: Changed biut about toxicity of batteries to the environment

A C Cell is a 'C' size battery.

[[Image:ccell.jpg]]

== Use and target performance ==
They fit well in 1" SCH 40 [[PVC pipe]] with a gap of only ~.03" (.9mm).

The thick steel cases make them very robust, and they can often be reused if shot at softer targets, although impacts with unyielding objects (such as rocks and steel plates) will deform them to the point where they won't fit in the [[barrel]] anymore.

Alkaline batteries are not good for the environment, and so one should make an effort to clean up after firing.

== Specifications ==

Diameter: 25.3mm (.996")

Height: 50 mm

Weight: Varies; roughly 68-74g for Duracell alkaline batteries

[[Category:projectiles]]

Common Ammo

2008-06-02T13:41:03Z

Biopyro:

== Description of the table columns: ==

; Ammo : The type of ammo. For ammo that is cut by the barrel, such as spuds, this gives a typical length of the ammo. The length of the ammo and the barrel diameter determine the actual size of the ammo. For spuds, there is more than one way to [[potato#Selection, cutting and use|cut]] the shell.
; Mass : The mass of the ammo in ounces (oz.) and grams.
; Diameter : The diameter of the ammo in inches (") and centimeters (cm). For ammo that is cut by the barrel, such as spuds, this is the barrel diameter. For ammo that is not cut, such as golf balls, this is the ammo's normal diameter.
; Cd : Coeficient of drag. The Cd of a particular ammo is usually dependent on the velocity of the ammo and whether or not it is spinning or tumbling.
; Terminal Velocity : The maximum velocity the ammo will reach when dropped, in air, form a great height.
; Barrel : Suggestions as suitable barrels for the particular ammo. Primarily for ammo that has a defined size, such as a tennis ball.
; Other Info : Various other bits of information concerning the ammo.

'''Table Notes'''
# The Cd values for the various sport balls (tennis ball, golfball ...) were calculated based on their terminal velocities using the equation Cd=2mg/(Aρvterminal2) with g=9.8m/s and ρ=1290g/m3. The terminal velocities were from [http://www.cord.org/uploadedfiles/CTNJune2002.pdf Terminal Velocity Teachers Notes] and [http://www.gantless.com/paper.html A Penny in Free Fall].

{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" align="left" style="text-align:center"
|+ '''Common Spud Gun Ammo'''
|-
| '''Ammo''' || '''Mass''' || '''Diameter''' || '''Cd''' || '''Terminal Velocity''' || '''Barrel''' ||''' Other Info'''
|-
!colspan="7" align="left" | '''Fruit + Vegetables'''
|-
| [[Potato]], 2"L || 2.54 oz., 72g || 1.59", 4.04cm || - || - || 1.5" SCH 40 ||align=left|
* density ~1.1g/cm3
|-
| [[Potato]], 2"L || 5.04 oz., 120g || 2.05", 5.21cm || - || - || 1.5" SCH 40 || -
|-
| Apple, || 4.20 oz., 110g || 2.05", 5.21cm || - || - || 2" SCH 40 || align=left|
* density ~0.95g/cm3
|-
| Citrus Fruit, || 3.5 oz., 100g || 2.05", 5.21cm || - || - || 2" SCH 40 ||align=left|
* density ~0.9g/cm3
|-
!colspan="7" align="left" | '''Balls'''
|-
| Ping-Pong Ball || 0.095 oz., 2.7g || 0.95", cm || 0.460 <br\> (note 1) || 9m/s, 30fps || - || -
|-
| [[Golf ball]] || 1.59 oz., 45g || 1.68", 4.27cm || 0.299 <br\> (note 1) || 40m/s, 132fps || - || -
|-
| [[Tennis_ball|Tennis Ball]] || 2.08 oz., 59g || 2.56", 6.5cm || 0.283 <br\> (note 1) || 31m/s, 102fps ||align=left|
* 2.5" SCH 40
* 2.5" SDR 21
* 2.5" SDR 26
|| -
|-
| Baseball || 5.1 oz., 145g || 2.9", 7.4cm || 0.290 (note 1) || 42m/s, 138fps || - || -
|-
| Basketball || 21.2 oz., 600g || 9.5", 24.1cm || 0.500 (note 1) || 20m/s, 66fps || - || -
|-
!colspan="7" align="left" | '''Ball Bearings (BBs, Airsoft, Paintballs...)'''
|-
| 0.177" Copper/Steel BB || 0.0116 oz, 0.33g || 0.177", 0.45cm || - || - || - || -
|-
| 6mm Airsoft || 0.0071 oz., 0.20g || 0.23", 0.6cm || - || - || - || -
|-
| .68" [[Paintball]] || 0.1 oz., 3.2g || ?", ?cm || - || - ||align=left| * 0.5" SDR 13.5 || -
|-
| ??" glass [[marble]] || ? oz., ?g || ?", ?cm || - || - || - || -
|-
!colspan="7" align="left" | '''Batteries'''
|-
| AA || ? oz., ?g || ?", ?cm || - || - || - || -
|-
| AAA || ? oz., ?g || ?", ?cm || - || - || - || -
|-
| [[C_Cell|C]] || 2.4-2.6 oz., 68-74g || 0.996", 2.53cm || - || - || - ||align=left|
* 2" (5.1cm) long
* mass varies by brand
|-
| D || ?? oz., ??g || ?", ?cm || - || - || - || -
|-
!colspan="7" align="left" | '''Other Things'''
|-
| [[CO2_cartridge|12g CO2 Cartridge]] (empty) || 1.05 oz., 30g || 0.73", 1.85cm || - || - ||align=left|
* 0.75" SCH 40 PVC
* 22mm Copper pipe
|| -
|-
| [[Ice]] || ?? oz., ??g || ?", ?cm || - || - || - || -
|-
| [[Pycrete]] || ?? oz., ??g || ?", ?cm || - || - || - || -
|-
| Film Canister || 0.5oz., 12g || 1.45", 3.7cm || - || - ||align=left|
*1.25" SCH 40
*40mm 10bar
||* Fits better with the right sized lid, still very good otherwise
|-
| [[Beverage_can|Soda Can]] || 13.0 oz., 369g (water filled) || 2.6", 6.6cm || - || - ||align=left|
* 2.5" SDR 26
* [[Sleeved]] 3" SCH 40
|| -
|}

[[Category:Projectiles]]

Common Ammo

2008-06-02T13:38:01Z

Biopyro:

== Description of the table columns: ==

; Ammo : The type of ammo. For ammo that is cut by the barrel, such as spuds, this gives a typical length of the ammo. The length of the ammo and the barrel diameter determine the actual size of the ammo. For spuds, there is more than one way to [[potato#Selection, cutting and use|cut]] the shell.
; Mass : The mass of the ammo in ounces (oz.) and grams.
; Diameter : The diameter of the ammo in inches (") and centimeters (cm). For ammo that is cut by the barrel, such as spuds, this is the barrel diameter. For ammo that is not cut, such as golf balls, this is the ammo's normal diameter.
; Cd : Coeficient of drag. The Cd of a particular ammo is usually dependent on the velocity of the ammo and whether or not it is spinning or tumbling.
; Terminal Velocity : The maximum velocity the ammo will reach when dropped, in air, form a great height.
; Barrel : Suggestions as suitable barrels for the particular ammo. Primarily for ammo that has a defined size, such as a tennis ball.
; Other Info : Various other bits of information concerning the ammo.

'''Table Notes'''
# The Cd values for the various sport balls (tennis ball, golfball ...) were calculated based on their terminal velocities using the equation Cd=2mg/(Aρvterminal2) with g=9.8m/s and ρ=1290g/m3. The terminal velocities were from [http://www.cord.org/uploadedfiles/CTNJune2002.pdf Terminal Velocity Teachers Notes] and [http://www.gantless.com/paper.html A Penny in Free Fall].

{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" align="left" style="text-align:center"
|+ '''Common Spud Gun Ammo'''
|-
| '''Ammo''' || '''Mass''' || '''Diameter''' || '''Cd''' || '''Terminal Velocity''' || '''Barrel''' ||''' Other Info'''
|-
!colspan="7" align="left" | '''Vegies'''
|-
| [[Potato]], 2"L || 2.54 oz., 72g || 1.59", 4.04cm || - || - || 1.5" SCH 40 ||align=left|
* density ~1.1g/cm3
|-
| [[Potato]], 4"L || 5.04 oz., 143g || 1.59", 4.04cm || - || - || 1.5" SCH 40 || -
|-
| Apple, 2"L || 4.20 oz., 119g || 2.05", 5.21cm || - || - || 2" SCH 40 || align=left|
* density ~0.95g/cm3
|-
| Citrus Fruit, 2"L || 3.5 oz., 100g || 2.05", 5.21cm || - || - || 2" SCH 40 ||align=left|
* density ~0.9g/cm3
|-
!colspan="7" align="left" | '''Balls'''
|-
| Ping-Pong Ball || 0.095 oz., 2.7g || 0.95", cm || 0.460 <br\> (note 1) || 9m/s, 30fps || - || -
|-
| [[Golf ball]] || 1.59 oz., 45g || 1.68", 4.27cm || 0.299 <br\> (note 1) || 40m/s, 132fps || - || -
|-
| [[Tennis_ball|Tennis Ball]] || 2.08 oz., 59g || 2.56", 6.5cm || 0.283 <br\> (note 1) || 31m/s, 102fps ||align=left|
* 2.5" SCH 40
* 2.5" SDR 21
* 2.5" SDR 26
|| -
|-
| Baseball || 5.1 oz., 145g || 2.9", 7.4cm || 0.290 (note 1) || 42m/s, 138fps || - || -
|-
| Basketball || 21.2 oz., 600g || 9.5", 24.1cm || 0.500 (note 1) || 20m/s, 66fps || - || -
|-
!colspan="7" align="left" | '''Ball Bearings (BBs, Airsoft, Paintballs...)'''
|-
| 0.177" Copper/Steel BB || 0.0116 oz, 0.33g || 0.177", 0.45cm || - || - || - || -
|-
| 6mm Airsoft || 0.0071 oz., 0.20g || 0.23", 0.6cm || - || - || - || -
|-
| .68" [[Paintball]] || 0.1 oz., 3.2g || ?", ?cm || - || - ||align=left| * 0.5" SDR 13.5 || -
|-
| ??" glass [[marble]] || ? oz., ?g || ?", ?cm || - || - || - || -
|-
!colspan="7" align="left" | '''Batteries'''
|-
| AA || ? oz., ?g || ?", ?cm || - || - || - || -
|-
| AAA || ? oz., ?g || ?", ?cm || - || - || - || -
|-
| [[C_Cell|C]] || 2.4-2.6 oz., 68-74g || 0.996", 2.53cm || - || - || - ||align=left|
* 2" (5.1cm) long
* mass varies by brand
|-
| D || ?? oz., ??g || ?", ?cm || - || - || - || -
|-
!colspan="7" align="left" | '''Other Things'''
|-
| [[CO2_cartridge|12g CO2 Cartridge]] (empty) || 1.05 oz., 30g || 0.73", 1.85cm || - || - ||align=left|
* 0.75" SCH 40 PVC
* 22mm Copper pipe
|| -
|-
| [[Ice]] || ?? oz., ??g || ?", ?cm || - || - || - || -
|-
| [[Pycrete]] || ?? oz., ??g || ?", ?cm || - || - || - || -
|-
| Film Canister || 0.5oz., 12g || 1.45", 3.7cm || - || - ||align=left|
*1.25" SCH 40
*40mm 10bar
||* Fits better with the right sized lid, still very good otherwise
|-
| [[Beverage_can|Soda Can]] || 13.0 oz., 369g (water filled) || 2.6", 6.6cm || - || - ||align=left|
* 2.5" SDR 26
* [[Sleeved]] 3" SCH 40
|| -
|}

[[Category:Projectiles]]

Common Ammo

2008-06-02T13:37:23Z

Biopyro:

== Description of the table columns: ==

; Ammo : The type of ammo. For ammo that is cut by the barrel, such as spuds, this gives a typical length of the ammo. The length of the ammo and the barrel diameter determine the actual size of the ammo. For spuds, there is more than one way to [[potato#Selection, cutting and use|cut]] the shell.
; Mass : The mass of the ammo in ounces (oz.) and grams.
; Diameter : The diameter of the ammo in inches (") and centimeters (cm). For ammo that is cut by the barrel, such as spuds, this is the barrel diameter. For ammo that is not cut, such as golf balls, this is the ammo's normal diameter.
; Cd : Coeficient of drag. The Cd of a particular ammo is usually dependent on the velocity of the ammo and whether or not it is spinning or tumbling.
; Terminal Velocity : The maximum velocity the ammo will reach when dropped, in air, form a great height.
; Barrel : Suggestions as suitable barrels for the particular ammo. Primarily for ammo that has a defined size, such as a tennis ball.
; Other Info : Various other bits of information concerning the ammo.

'''Table Notes'''
# The Cd values for the various sport balls (tennis ball, golfball ...) were calculated based on their terminal velocities using the equation Cd=2mg/(Aρvterminal2) with g=9.8m/s and ρ=1290g/m3. The terminal velocities were from [http://www.cord.org/uploadedfiles/CTNJune2002.pdf Terminal Velocity Teachers Notes] and [http://www.gantless.com/paper.html A Penny in Free Fall].

{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" align="left" style="text-align:center"
|+ '''Common Spud Gun Ammo'''
|-
| '''Ammo''' || '''Mass''' || '''Diameter''' || '''Cd''' || '''Terminal Velocity''' || '''Barrel''' ||''' Other Info'''
|-
!colspan="7" align="left" | '''Vegies'''
|-
| [[Spud]], 2"L || 2.54 oz., 72g || 1.59", 4.04cm || - || - || 1.5" SCH 40 ||align=left|
* density ~1.1g/cm3
|-
| [[Spud]], 4"L || 5.04 oz., 143g || 1.59", 4.04cm || - || - || 1.5" SCH 40 || -
|-
| Apple, 2"L || 4.20 oz., 119g || 2.05", 5.21cm || - || - || 2" SCH 40 || align=left|
* density ~0.95g/cm3
|-
| Citrus Fruit, 2"L || 3.5 oz., 100g || 2.05", 5.21cm || - || - || 2" SCH 40 ||align=left|
* density ~0.9g/cm3
|-
!colspan="7" align="left" | '''Balls'''
|-
| Ping-Pong Ball || 0.095 oz., 2.7g || 0.95", cm || 0.460 <br\> (note 1) || 9m/s, 30fps || - || -
|-
| [[Golf ball]] || 1.59 oz., 45g || 1.68", 4.27cm || 0.299 <br\> (note 1) || 40m/s, 132fps || - || -
|-
| [[Tennis_ball|Tennis Ball]] || 2.08 oz., 59g || 2.56", 6.5cm || 0.283 <br\> (note 1) || 31m/s, 102fps ||align=left|
* 2.5" SCH 40
* 2.5" SDR 21
* 2.5" SDR 26
|| -
|-
| Baseball || 5.1 oz., 145g || 2.9", 7.4cm || 0.290 (note 1) || 42m/s, 138fps || - || -
|-
| Basketball || 21.2 oz., 600g || 9.5", 24.1cm || 0.500 (note 1) || 20m/s, 66fps || - || -
|-
!colspan="7" align="left" | '''Ball Bearings (BBs, Airsoft, Paintballs...)'''
|-
| 0.177" Copper/Steel BB || 0.0116 oz, 0.33g || 0.177", 0.45cm || - || - || - || -
|-
| 6mm Airsoft || 0.0071 oz., 0.20g || 0.23", 0.6cm || - || - || - || -
|-
| .68" [[Paintball]] || 0.1 oz., 3.2g || ?", ?cm || - || - ||align=left| * 0.5" SDR 13.5 || -
|-
| ??" glass [[marble]] || ? oz., ?g || ?", ?cm || - || - || - || -
|-
!colspan="7" align="left" | '''Batteries'''
|-
| AA || ? oz., ?g || ?", ?cm || - || - || - || -
|-
| AAA || ? oz., ?g || ?", ?cm || - || - || - || -
|-
| [[C_Cell|C]] || 2.4-2.6 oz., 68-74g || 0.996", 2.53cm || - || - || - ||align=left|
* 2" (5.1cm) long
* mass varies by brand
|-
| D || ?? oz., ??g || ?", ?cm || - || - || - || -
|-
!colspan="7" align="left" | '''Other Things'''
|-
| [[CO2_cartridge|12g CO2 Cartridge]] (empty) || 1.05 oz., 30g || 0.73", 1.85cm || - || - ||align=left|
* 0.75" SCH 40 PVC
* 22mm Copper pipe
|| -
|-
| [[Ice]] || ?? oz., ??g || ?", ?cm || - || - || - || -
|-
| [[Pycrete]] || ?? oz., ??g || ?", ?cm || - || - || - || -
|-
| Film Canister || 0.5oz., 12g || 1.45", 3.7cm || - || - ||align=left|
*1.25" SCH 40
*40mm 10bar
||* Fits better with the right sized lid, still very good otherwise
|-
| [[Beverage_can|Soda Can]] || 13.0 oz., 369g (water filled) || 2.6", 6.6cm || - || - ||align=left|
* 2.5" SDR 26
* [[Sleeved]] 3" SCH 40
|| -
|}

[[Category:Projectiles]]

Talk:Common Ammo

2008-06-02T13:34:57Z

Biopyro: New page: 02/06/08 I took out the data for 4" long potatoes, since anyone can tell this will just be twice the weight of a 2" slug. I also added in an apple and a citrus fruit entry. I think the C...

02/06/08 I took out the data for 4" long potatoes, since anyone can tell this will just be twice the weight of a 2" slug. I also added in an apple and a citrus fruit entry.

I think the CD of the sports ball ammo could perhaps be put on a different page or at leas a separate table since there isn't data for any other ammo now or future additions.

What is a spudgun?

2008-06-02T13:27:23Z

Biopyro: Put a few things in to make it read a little better. changed mandarin to link to ammo page - i don't think it needs a page of it's own.

There are many different names for spudguns. They are called potato cannons, spud launchers, potato guns, spud cannons, and a host of others. Whatever you decide to call it, all of the aforementioned describe the same type of device: a device used to accelerate a potato down the barrel, and shoot it some distance. While it may offend some purists, the humble little potato is quickly losing favor to other ammunitions such as golf balls, tennis balls, and other cheap, uniform projectiles.

There are two common means to launch projectiles from a spudgun. The [[pneumatic launcher|first]] uses the energy stored in a compressed gas and the [[combustion launcher|second]], more common method, uses the energy released by combusting fuel vapors.
Also, there exists a less common combination of pneumatic and combustion launchers, a [[hybrid launcher|"hybrid"]], that combusts a pressurized fuel-air (or fuel/oxidizer) mixture.

As more advanced concepts continue to be designed and built, the general definition of a spudgun has become a homebuilt launcher that uses expanding gases to propel a projectile, and does not use any compounds which contain their own oxidiser for the actual propulsion.

The object of any of these varieties of spudguns is to propel projectiles in the direction of a designated (safe) target, for recreation and sometimes science experiments.

Common [[projectile]]s include: [[potato]]es, (obviously), small [[Ammo|citrus fruit]], [[tennis ball]]s, [[golf ball]]s, bb's, or marbles.... in fact, pretty much any spare vegetable or commonly available object you can ram down the barrel. This is part of the beauty of spudguns.

Some spudguns are very simple, inexpensive designs, such as the aerosol-spray-powered combustion or ball-valve and bike pump operated pneumatic. Some can get complicated and/or expensive, such as large home-made piston valved pneumatics and propane metered combustion guns. A decent potato gun can be built for as little as $15 or $20 at the local hardware store, ranging right up to several thousand with parts from across the world.

When proper safety is practiced, spudding is no more dangerous than other common hobbies, such as model airplanes. Though as with any activity that can be dangerous, safety should always be your number one priority. So please, take the time to read the [[safety]] section.

[[category:Concepts]]

Stoichiometry

2008-06-01T13:54:14Z

Biopyro: /* Concrete example */

[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stoichiometric Stoichiometry] is an important concept in [[combustion cannon|combustion]] and [[hybrid cannon|hybrid]] launchers, since they use the energy from combustible fuels. A stoichiometric mixture is one where the ratio of fuel and oxygen molecules is balanced, so all the fuel and oxygen in the chamber is (in optimal conditions) consumed in the reaction. A [[fuel meter]] system is usually designed to achieve this mixture, which will yield the most power out of the combustion reaction.

===Calculations===

The stoichiometric ratio for gaseous fuels can easily be calculated. When the hydrogen and carbon in a fuel burns, it combines with oxygen as follows:

C + O2 --> CO2 
2H2 + O2 --> 2H2O 
CxHx + O2 --> CO2 + H2O

If the fuel molecule contains oxygen atoms, they will replace oxygen atoms from the air in the reaction. So for each oxygen atom the fuel contains, one less atom of atmospheric oxygen is needed. To begin calculating the stoichiometric ratio of a fuel, first find the chemical formula for the fuel, and count how many hydrogen, carbon and oxygen (if any) atoms it contains.

Since hydrogen combines with oxygen to make water (H2O), and two hydrogen atoms combine with every oxygen atom, four hydrogen atoms will consume one O2 molecule. Conversely, it can be said that one hydrogen atom will consume 0.25 O2 molecules.

Carbon atoms combine with oxygen to form CO2, so each carbon atom will consume one entire O2 molecule.

Any oxygen in the fuel will lead to one less oxygen atom being consumed from the air. Two oxygen atoms will prevent one O2 molecule from being consumed, so each oxygen atom "saves" 0.5 O2 molecules.

Now we need to find how many O2 molecules are consumed by each fuel molecule, which is calculated as follows:
*for each hydrogen atom, add 0.25 to the amount of oxygen molecules needed
*for each carbon atom, add 1
*for each oxygen atom, subtract 0.5
The resulting number is the oxygen to fuel ratio. To find the fuel to oxygen ratio, divide 1 by this number. The amount of oxygen in air is 21%, so to find the fractional fuel to air ratio, the fuel to oxygen ratio is multiplied with 0.21. To find the ratio in percent, multiply this value by 100.

To find the volume of fuel needed for a particular chamber, the fractional ratio is multiplied by the chamber volume.

===Concrete example===

Formula of [[propane]]: C3H8

*number of carbon atoms: 3
*number of hydrogen atoms: 8
*number of oxygen atoms: 0

Number of oxygen molecules needed = 3*1 + 8*0.25 = 5 molecules 
The stoichiometric combustion equation is: 
C3H8 + 5O2 --> 3CO2 + 4H2O

fuel/oxygen ratio = 1/5 = 0.2 
fuel/air ratio = 0.2*0.21 = 0.042, or 4.2% 

The actual percentage of fuel for a stoichiometric mixture will depend on whether the fuel is '''added''' to the air in the chamber or the fuel '''displaces''' some of the air in the chamber. If the fuel is added to the air in the chamber then the fuel volume is '''4.2%''' of the chamber volume. If the fuel displaces some of the air in the chamber then the fuel volume is '''4.02%''' of the chamber volume.

fuel volume in a 3000 cc chamber = 3000*0.042 = 126 cc if no air is displaced 
fuel volume in a 3000 cc chamber = 3000*0.0402 = 120.6 cc if air is displaced

Most [[fuel meter]]s do not displace air in the chamber with fuel (the pressure in the chamber rises slightly when the fuel is injected), so for a meter the fuel volume is 4.2% of the chamber volume. If the fuel is injected with a syringe, and the fuel displaces some of the air in the chamber, then the fuel volume should be 4.02% of the chamber volume.

Single formula for the fractional fuel to air ratio for hydrocarbon fuels: (1/(C+(H/4)+(O/2)))*0.21

[[category:Concepts]]

Stoichiometry

2008-06-01T13:50:22Z

Biopyro: Corrected stoichemetric ratio example. carbon needs 2 oxygens and hydrogen needs 0.5!

[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stoichiometric Stoichiometry] is an important concept in [[combustion cannon|combustion]] and [[hybrid cannon|hybrid]] launchers, since they use the energy from combustible fuels. A stoichiometric mixture is one where the ratio of fuel and oxygen molecules is balanced, so all the fuel and oxygen in the chamber is (in optimal conditions) consumed in the reaction. A [[fuel meter]] system is usually designed to achieve this mixture, which will yield the most power out of the combustion reaction.

===Calculations===

The stoichiometric ratio for gaseous fuels can easily be calculated. When the hydrogen and carbon in a fuel burns, it combines with oxygen as follows:

C + O2 --> CO2 
2H2 + O2 --> 2H2O 
CxHx + O2 --> CO2 + H2O

If the fuel molecule contains oxygen atoms, they will replace oxygen atoms from the air in the reaction. So for each oxygen atom the fuel contains, one less atom of atmospheric oxygen is needed. To begin calculating the stoichiometric ratio of a fuel, first find the chemical formula for the fuel, and count how many hydrogen, carbon and oxygen (if any) atoms it contains.

Since hydrogen combines with oxygen to make water (H2O), and two hydrogen atoms combine with every oxygen atom, four hydrogen atoms will consume one O2 molecule. Conversely, it can be said that one hydrogen atom will consume 0.25 O2 molecules.

Carbon atoms combine with oxygen to form CO2, so each carbon atom will consume one entire O2 molecule.

Any oxygen in the fuel will lead to one less oxygen atom being consumed from the air. Two oxygen atoms will prevent one O2 molecule from being consumed, so each oxygen atom "saves" 0.5 O2 molecules.

Now we need to find how many O2 molecules are consumed by each fuel molecule, which is calculated as follows:
*for each hydrogen atom, add 0.25 to the amount of oxygen molecules needed
*for each carbon atom, add 1
*for each oxygen atom, subtract 0.5
The resulting number is the oxygen to fuel ratio. To find the fuel to oxygen ratio, divide 1 by this number. The amount of oxygen in air is 21%, so to find the fractional fuel to air ratio, the fuel to oxygen ratio is multiplied with 0.21. To find the ratio in percent, multiply this value by 100.

To find the volume of fuel needed for a particular chamber, the fractional ratio is multiplied by the chamber volume.

===Concrete example===

Formula of [[propane]]: C3H8

*number of carbon atoms: 3
*number of hydrogen atoms: 8
*number of oxygen atoms: 0

Number of oxygen molecules needed = 3*2 + 8*0.5 = 5 molecules 
The stoichiometric combustion equation is: 
C3H8 + 5O2 --> 3CO2 + 4H2O

fuel/oxygen ratio = 1/5 = 0.2 
fuel/air ratio = 0.2*0.21 = 0.042, or 4.2% 

The actual percentage of fuel for a stoichiometric mixture will depend on whether the fuel is '''added''' to the air in the chamber or the fuel '''displaces''' some of the air in the chamber. If the fuel is added to the air in the chamber then the fuel volume is '''4.2%''' of the chamber volume. If the fuel displaces some of the air in the chamber then the fuel volume is '''4.02%''' of the chamber volume.

fuel volume in a 3000 cc chamber = 3000*0.042 = 126 cc if no air is displaced 
fuel volume in a 3000 cc chamber = 3000*0.0402 = 120.6 cc if air is displaced

Most [[fuel meter]]s do not displace air in the chamber with fuel (the pressure in the chamber rises slightly when the fuel is injected), so for a meter the fuel volume is 4.2% of the chamber volume. If the fuel is injected with a syringe, and the fuel displaces some of the air in the chamber, then the fuel volume should be 4.02% of the chamber volume.

Single formula for the fractional fuel to air ratio for hydrocarbon fuels: (1/(C+(H/4)+(O/2)))*0.21

[[category:Concepts]]

Common Ammo

2008-05-29T13:15:44Z

Biopyro: /* Description of the table columns: */

== Description of the table columns: ==

; Ammo : The type of ammo. For ammo that is cut by the barrel, such as spuds, this gives a typical length of the ammo. The length of the ammo and the barrel diameter determine the actual size of the ammo. For spuds, there is more than one way to [[potato#Selection, cutting and use|cut]] the shell.
; Mass : The mass of the ammo in ounces (oz.) and grams.
; Diameter : The diameter of the ammo in inches (") and centimeters (cm). For ammo that is cut by the barrel, such as spuds, this is the barrel diameter. For ammo that is not cut, such as golf balls, this is the ammo's normal diameter.
; Cd : Coeficient of drag. The Cd of a particular ammo is usually dependent on the velocity of the ammo and whether or not it is spinning or tumbling.
; Terminal Velocity : The maximum velocity the ammo will reach when dropped, in air, form a great height.
; Barrel : Suggestions as suitable barrels for the particular ammo. Primarily for ammo that has a defined size, such as a tennis ball.
; Other Info : Various other bits of information concerning the ammo.

'''Table Notes'''
# The Cd values for the various sport balls (tennis ball, golfball ...) were calculated based on their terminal velocities using the equation Cd=2mg/(Aρvterminal2) with g=9.8m/s and ρ=1290g/m3. The terminal velocities were from [http://www.cord.org/uploadedfiles/CTNJune2002.pdf Terminal Velocity Teachers Notes] and [http://www.gantless.com/paper.html A Penny in Free Fall].

{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" align="left" style="text-align:center"
|+ '''Common Spud Gun Ammo'''
|-
| '''Ammo''' || '''Mass''' || '''Diameter''' || '''Cd''' || '''Terminal Velocity''' || '''Barrel''' ||''' Other Info'''
|-
!colspan="7" align="left" | '''Vegies'''
|-
| [[Spud]], 2"L || 2.54 oz., 72g || 1.59", 4.04cm || - || - || 1.5" SCH 40 ||align=left|
* density ~1.1g/cm3
|-
| [[Spud]], 4"L || 5.04 oz., 143g || 1.59", 4.04cm || - || - || 1.5" SCH 40 || -
|-
| [[Spud]], 2"L || 4.20 oz., 119g || 2.05", 5.21cm || - || - || 2" SCH 40 || -
|-
| [[Spud]], 4"L || 8.40 oz., 238g || 2.05", 5.21cm || - || - || 2" SCH 40 || -
|-
!colspan="7" align="left" | '''Balls'''
|-
| Ping-Pong Ball || 0.095 oz., 2.7g || 0.95", cm || 0.460 <br\> (note 1) || 9m/s, 30fps || - || -
|-
| [[Golf ball]] || 1.59 oz., 45g || 1.68", 4.27cm || 0.299 <br\> (note 1) || 40m/s, 132fps || - || -
|-
| [[Tennis_ball|Tennis Ball]] || 2.08 oz., 59g || 2.56", 6.5cm || 0.283 <br\> (note 1) || 31m/s, 102fps ||align=left|
* 2.5" SCH 40
* 2.5" SDR 21
* 2.5" SDR 26
|| -
|-
| Baseball || 5.1 oz., 145g || 2.9", 7.4cm || 0.290 (note 1) || 42m/s, 138fps || - || -
|-
| Basketball || 21.2 oz., 600g || 9.5", 24.1cm || 0.500 (note 1) || 20m/s, 66fps || - || -
|-
!colspan="7" align="left" | '''Ball Bearings (BBs, Airsoft, Paintballs...)'''
|-
| 0.177" Copper/Steel BB || 0.0116 oz, 0.33g || 0.177", 0.45cm || - || - || - || -
|-
| 6mm Airsoft || 0.0071 oz., 0.20g || 0.23", 0.6cm || - || - || - || -
|-
| .68" [[Paintball]] || 0.1 oz., 3.2g || ?", ?cm || - || - ||align=left| * 0.5" SDR 13.5 || -
|-
| ??" glass marble || ? oz., ?g || ?", ?cm || - || - || - || -
|-
!colspan="7" align="left" | '''Batteries'''
|-
| AA || ? oz., ?g || ?", ?cm || - || - || - || -
|-
| AAA || ? oz., ?g || ?", ?cm || - || - || - || -
|-
| [[C_Cell|C]] || 2.4-2.6 oz., 68-74g || 0.996", 2.53cm || - || - || - ||align=left|
* 2" (5.1cm) long
* mass varies by brand
|-
| D || ?? oz., ??g || ?", ?cm || - || - || - || -
|-
!colspan="7" align="left" | '''Other Things'''
|-
| [[CO2_cartridge|12g CO2 Cartridge]] (empty) || 1.05 oz., 30g || 0.73", 1.85cm || - || - ||align=left|
* 0.75" SCH 40 PVC
* 22mm Copper pipe
|| -
|-
| [[Ice]] || ?? oz., ??g || ?", ?cm || - || - || - || -
|-
| [[Pycrete]] || ?? oz., ??g || ?", ?cm || - || - || - || -
|-
| Film Canister || 0.5oz., 12g || 1.45", 3.7cm || - || - ||align=left|
*1.25" SCH 40
*40mm 10bar
||* Fits better with the right sized lid, still very good otherwise
|-
| [[Beverage_can|Soda Can]] || 13.0 oz., 369g (water filled) || 2.6", 6.6cm || - || - ||align=left|
* 2.5" SDR 26
* [[Sleeved]] 3" SCH 40
|| -
|}

[[Category:Projectiles]]

Common Ammo

2008-05-29T13:11:32Z

Biopyro: Added film canister as ammo

== Description of the table columns: ==

; Ammo : The type of ammo. For ammo that is cut by the barrel, such as spuds, this gives a typical length of the ammo. The length of the ammo and the barrel diameter determine the actual size of the ammo. For spuds, there is more than one way to [[potato#Selection, cutting and use|cut]] the shell.
; Mass : The mass of the ammo in ounces (oz.) and grams.
; Diameter : The diameter of the ammo in inches (") and centimeters (cm). For ammo that is cut by the barrel, such as spuds, this is the barrel diameter. For ammo that is not cut, such as golf balls, this is the ammo's normal diameter.
; Cd : Coeficient of drag. The Cd of a particular ammo is usually dependent on the velocity of the ammo and whether or not it is spinning or tumbling.
; Terminal Velocity : The maximum velocity the ammo will reach when dropped, in air, form a great height.
; Barrel : Suggestions as suitable barrels for the particular ammo. Primarily for ammo that has a defined size, such as a tennis ball.
; Other Info : Various other bits of information concerning the ammo.

'''Table Notes'''
# The Cd values for the various sport balls (tennis ball, golfball ...) were calculated based on their terminal velocities using the equation Cd=2mg/(Aρvterminal2) with g=9.8m/s and ρ=1290g/m3. The terminal velocities were from [http://www.cord.org/uploadedfiles/CTNJune2002.pdf Terminal Velocity Teachers Notes] and [http://www.gantless.com/paper.html A Penny in Free Fall].

{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" align="left" style="text-align:center"
|+ '''Common Spud Gun Ammo'''
|-
| '''Ammo''' || '''Mass''' || '''Diameter''' || '''Cd''' || '''Terminal Velocity''' || '''Barrel''' ||''' Other Info'''
|-
!colspan="7" align="left" | '''Vegies'''
|-
| [[Spud]], 2"L || 2.54 oz., 72g || 1.59", 4.04cm || - || - || 1.5" SCH 40 ||align=left|
* density ~1.1g/cm3
|-
| [[Spud]], 4"L || 5.04 oz., 143g || 1.59", 4.04cm || - || - || 1.5" SCH 40 || -
|-
| [[Spud]], 2"L || 4.20 oz., 119g || 2.05", 5.21cm || - || - || 2" SCH 40 || -
|-
| [[Spud]], 4"L || 8.40 oz., 238g || 2.05", 5.21cm || - || - || 2" SCH 40 || -
|-
!colspan="7" align="left" | '''Balls'''
|-
| Ping-Pong Ball || 0.095 oz., 2.7g || 0.95", cm || 0.460 <br\> (note 1) || 9m/s, 30fps || - || -
|-
| [[Golf ball]] || 1.59 oz., 45g || 1.68", 4.27cm || 0.299 <br\> (note 1) || 40m/s, 132fps || - || -
|-
| [[Tennis_ball|Tennis Ball]] || 2.08 oz., 59g || 2.56", 6.5cm || 0.283 <br\> (note 1) || 31m/s, 102fps ||align=left|
* 2.5" SCH 40
* 2.5" SDR 21
* 2.5" SDR 26
|| -
|-
| Baseball || 5.1 oz., 145g || 2.9", 7.4cm || 0.290 (note 1) || 42m/s, 138fps || - || -
|-
| Basketball || 21.2 oz., 600g || 9.5", 24.1cm || 0.500 (note 1) || 20m/s, 66fps || - || -
|-
!colspan="7" align="left" | '''Ball Bearings (BBs, Airsoft, Paintballs...)'''
|-
| 0.177" Copper/Steel BB || 0.0116 oz, 0.33g || 0.177", 0.45cm || - || - || - || -
|-
| 6mm Airsoft || 0.0071 oz., 0.20g || 0.23", 0.6cm || - || - || - || -
|-
| ??" [[Paintball]] || ? oz., ?g || ?", ?cm || - || - || - || -
|-
| ??" glass marble || ? oz., ?g || ?", ?cm || - || - || - || -
|-
!colspan="7" align="left" | '''Batteries'''
|-
| AA || ? oz., ?g || ?", ?cm || - || - || - || -
|-
| AAA || ? oz., ?g || ?", ?cm || - || - || - || -
|-
| [[C_Cell|C]] || 2.4-2.6 oz., 68-74g || 0.996", 2.53cm || - || - || - ||align=left|
* 2" (5.1cm) long
* mass varies by brand
|-
| D || ?? oz., ??g || ?", ?cm || - || - || - || -
|-
!colspan="7" align="left" | '''Other Things'''
|-
| [[CO2_cartridge|12g CO2 Cartridge]] (empty) || 1.05 oz., 30g || 0.73", 1.85cm || - || - ||align=left|
* 0.75" SCH 40 PVC
* 22mm Copper pipe
|| -
|-
| [[Ice]] || ?? oz., ??g || ?", ?cm || - || - || - || -
|-
| [[Pycrete]] || ?? oz., ??g || ?", ?cm || - || - || - || -
|-
| Film Canister || 0.5oz., 12g || 1.45", 3.7cm || - || - ||align=left|
*1.25" SCH 40
*40mm 10bar
||* Fits better with the right sized lid, still very good otherwise
|-
| [[Beverage_can|Soda Can]] || 13.0 oz., 369g (water filled) || 2.6", 6.6cm || - || - ||align=left|
* 2.5" SDR 26
* [[Sleeved]] 3" SCH 40
|| -
|}

[[Category:Projectiles]]

Common Ammo

2008-05-29T13:03:09Z

Biopyro: /* Description of the table columns: */

== Description of the table columns: ==

; Ammo : The type of ammo. For ammo that is cut by the barrel, such as spuds, this gives a typical length of the ammo. The length of the ammo and the barrel diameter determine the actual size of the ammo. For spuds, there is more than one way to [[potato#Selection, cutting and use|cut]] the shell.
; Mass : The mass of the ammo in ounces (oz.) and grams.
; Diameter : The diameter of the ammo in inches (") and centimeters (cm). For ammo that is cut by the barrel, such as spuds, this is the barrel diameter. For ammo that is not cut, such as golf balls, this is the ammo's normal diameter.
; Cd : Coeficient of drag. The Cd of a particular ammo is usually dependent on the velocity of the ammo and whether or not it is spinning or tumbling.
; Terminal Velocity : The maximum velocity the ammo will reach when dropped, in air, form a great height.
; Barrel : Suggestions as suitable barrels for the particular ammo. Primarily for ammo that has a defined size, such as a tennis ball.
; Other Info : Various other bits of information concerning the ammo.

{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" align="left" style="text-align:center"
|+ '''Common Spud Gun Ammo'''
|-
| '''Ammo''' || '''Mass''' || '''Diameter''' || '''Cd''' || '''Terminal Velocity''' || '''Barrel''' ||''' Other Info'''
|-
!colspan="7" align="left" | '''Vegies'''
|-
| [[Spud]], 2"L || 2.54 oz., 72g || 1.59", 4.04cm || - || - || 1.5" SCH 40 ||align=left|
* density ~1.1g/cm3
|-
| [[Spud]], 4"L || 5.04 oz., 143g || 1.59", 4.04cm || - || - || 1.5" SCH 40 || -
|-
| [[Spud]], 2"L || 4.20 oz., 119g || 2.05", 5.21cm || - || - || 2" SCH 40 || -
|-
| [[Spud]], 4"L || 8.40 oz., 238g || 2.05", 5.21cm || - || - || 2" SCH 40 || -
|-
!colspan="7" align="left" | '''Balls'''
|-
| Ping-Pong Ball || 0.095 oz., 2.7g || 0.95", cm || 0.460 <br\> (note 1) || 9m/s, 30fps || - || -
|-
| [[Golf ball]] || 1.59 oz., 45g || 1.68", 4.27cm || 0.299 <br\> (note 1) || 40m/s, 132fps || - || -
|-
| [[Tennis_ball|Tennis Ball]] || 2.08 oz., 59g || 2.56", 6.5cm || 0.283 <br\> (note 1) || 31m/s, 102fps ||align=left|
* 2.5" SCH 40
* 2.5" SDR 21
* 2.5" SDR 26
|| -
|-
| Baseball || 5.1 oz., 145g || 2.9", 7.4cm || 0.290 (note 1) || 42m/s, 138fps || - || -
|-
| Basketball || 21.2 oz., 600g || 9.5", 24.1cm || 0.500 (note 1) || 20m/s, 66fps || - || -
|-
!colspan="7" align="left" | '''Ball Bearings (BBs, Airsoft, Paintballs...)'''
|-
| 0.177" Copper/Steel BB || 0.0116 oz, 0.33g || 0.177", 0.45cm || - || - || - || -
|-
| 6mm Airsoft || 0.0071 oz., 0.20g || 0.23", 0.6cm || - || - || - || -
|-
| ??" [[Paintball]] || ? oz., ?g || ?", ?cm || - || - || - || -
|-
| ??" glass marble || ? oz., ?g || ?", ?cm || - || - || - || -
|-
!colspan="7" align="left" | '''Batteries'''
|-
| AA || ? oz., ?g || ?", ?cm || - || - || - || -
|-
| AAA || ? oz., ?g || ?", ?cm || - || - || - || -
|-
| [[C_Cell|C]] || 2.4-2.6 oz., 68-74g || 0.996", 2.53cm || - || - || - ||align=left|
* 2" (5.1cm) long
* mass varies by brand
|-
| D || ?? oz., ??g || ?", ?cm || - || - || - || -
|-
!colspan="7" align="left" | '''Other Things'''
|-
| [[CO2_cartridge|12g CO2 Cartridge]] (empty) || 1.05 oz., 30g || 0.73", 1.85cm || - || - ||align=left|
* 0.75" SCH 40 PVC
* 22mm Copper pipe
|| -
|-
| [[Ice]] || ?? oz., ??g || ?", ?cm || - || - || - || -
|-
| [[Pycrete]] || ?? oz., ??g || ?", ?cm || - || - || - || -
|-
| [[Beverage_can|Soda Can]] || 13.0 oz., 369g (water filled) || 2.6", 6.6cm || - || - ||align=left|
* 2.5" SDR 26
* [[Sleeved]] 3" SCH 40
|| -
|}
'''Table Notes'''
# The Cd values for the various sport balls (tennis ball, golfball ...) were calculated based on their terminal velocities using the equation Cd=2mg/(Aρvterminal2) with g=9.8m/s and ρ=1290g/m3. The terminal velocities were from [http://www.cord.org/uploadedfiles/CTNJune2002.pdf Terminal Velocity Teachers Notes] and [http://www.gantless.com/paper.html A Penny in Free Fall].

[[Category:Projectiles]]

Common Ammo

2008-05-29T13:02:03Z

Biopyro: /* Description of the table columns: */

== Description of the table columns: ==

; Ammo : The type of ammo. For ammo that is cut by the barrel, such as spuds, this gives a typical length of the ammo. The length of the ammo and the barrel diameter determine the actual size of the ammo. For spuds, there is more than one way to [[potato#Selection, cutting and use|cut]] the shell.
; Mass : The mass of the ammo in ounces (oz.) and grams.
; Diameter : The diameter of the ammo in inches (") and centimeters (cm). For ammo that is cut by the barrel, such as spuds, this is the barrel diameter. For ammo that is not cut, such as golf balls, this is the ammo's normal diameter.
; Cd : Coeficient of drag. The Cd of a particular ammo is usually dependent on the velocity of the ammo and whether or not it is spinning or tumbling.
; Terminal Velocity : The maximum velocity the ammo will reach when dropped, in air, form a great height.
; Barrel : Suggestions as suitable barrels for the particular ammo. Primarily for ammo that has a defined size, such as a tennis ball.
; Other Info : Various other bits of information concerning the ammo.

{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" align="left" style="text-align:center"
|+ '''Common Spud Gun Ammo'''
|-
| '''Ammo''' || '''Mass''' || '''Diameter''' || '''Cd''' || '''Terminal Velocity''' || '''Barrel''' ||''' Other Info'''
|-
!colspan="7" align="left" | '''Vegies'''
|-
| [[Spud]], 2"L || 2.54 oz., 72g || 1.59", 4.04cm || - || - || 1.5" SCH 40 ||align=left|
* density ~1.1g/cm3
|-
| [[Spud]], 4"L || 5.04 oz., 143g || 1.59", 4.04cm || - || - || 1.5" SCH 40 || -
|-
| [[Spud]], 2"L || 4.20 oz., 119g || 2.05", 5.21cm || - || - || 2" SCH 40 || -
|-
| [[Spud]], 4"L || 8.40 oz., 238g || 2.05", 5.21cm || - || - || 2" SCH 40 || -
|-
!colspan="7" align="left" | '''Balls'''
|-
| Ping-Pong Ball || 0.095 oz., 2.7g || 0.95", cm || 0.460 <br\> (note 1) || 9m/s, 30fps || - || -
|-
| [[Golf ball]] || 1.59 oz., 45g || 1.68", 4.27cm || 0.299 <br\> (note 1) || 40m/s, 132fps || - || -
|-
| [[Tennis_ball|Tennis Ball]] || 2.08 oz., 59g || 2.56", 6.5cm || 0.283 <br\> (note 1) || 31m/s, 102fps ||align=left|
* 2.5" SCH 40
* 2.5" SDR 21
* 2.5" SDR 26
|| -
|-
| Baseball || 5.1 oz., 145g || 2.9", 7.4cm || 0.290 (note 1) || 42m/s, 138fps || - || -
|-
| Basketball || 21.2 oz., 600g || 9.5", 24.1cm || 0.500 (note 1) || 20m/s, 66fps || - || -
|-
!colspan="7" align="left" | '''Ball Bearings (BBs, Airsoft, Paintballs...)'''
|-
| 0.177" Copper/Steel BB || 0.0116 oz, 0.33g || 0.177", 0.45cm || - || - || - || -
|-
| 6mm Airsoft || 0.0071 oz., 0.20g || 0.23", 0.6cm || - || - || - || -
|-
| ??" [[Paintball]] || ? oz., ?g || ?", ?cm || - || - || - || -
|-
| ??" glass marble || ? oz., ?g || ?", ?cm || - || - || - || -
|-
!colspan="7" align="left" | '''Batteries'''
|-
| AA || ? oz., ?g || ?", ?cm || - || - || - || -
|-
| AAA || ? oz., ?g || ?", ?cm || - || - || - || -
|-
| [[C_Cell|C]] || 2.4-2.6 oz., 68-74g || 0.996", 2.53cm || - || - || - ||align=left|
* 2" (5.1cm) long
* mass varies by brand
|-
| D || ?? oz., ??g || ?", ?cm || - || - || - || -
|-
!colspan="7" align="left" | '''Other Things'''
|-
| [[CO2_cartridge|12g CO2 Cartridge]] (empty) || 1.05 oz., 30g || 0.73", 1.85cm || - || - ||align=left|
* 0.75" SCH 40 PVC
* 22mm Copper pipe
|| -
|-
| [[Ice]] || ?? oz., ??g || ?", ?cm || - || - || - || -
|-
| [[Pycrete]] || ?? oz., ??g || ?", ?cm || - || - || - || -
|-
| [[Beverage_can|Soda Can]] || 13.0 oz., 369g (water filled) || 2.6", 6.6cm || - || - ||align=left|
* 2.5" SDR 26
* [[Sleeved]] 3" SCH 40
|| -
| [[Film cannisters]] || 0.5 oz., 12g || 1.45", 3.7cm || - || - || *40mm 10bar
*1.25" SCH 40 || Needs the right size lid to fit perfectly
|}
'''Table Notes'''
# The Cd values for the various sport balls (tennis ball, golfball ...) were calculated based on their terminal velocities using the equation Cd=2mg/(Aρvterminal2) with g=9.8m/s and ρ=1290g/m3. The terminal velocities were from [http://www.cord.org/uploadedfiles/CTNJune2002.pdf Terminal Velocity Teachers Notes] and [http://www.gantless.com/paper.html A Penny in Free Fall].

[[Category:Projectiles]]

Common Ammo

2008-05-29T12:43:02Z

Biopyro: /* Description of the table columns: */

== Description of the table columns: ==

; Ammo : The type of ammo. For ammo that is cut by the barrel, such as spuds, this gives a typical length of the ammo. The length of the ammo and the barrel diameter determine the actual size of the ammo. For spuds, there is more than one way to [[potato#Selection, cutting and use|cut]] the shell.
; Mass : The mass of the ammo in ounces (oz.) and grams.
; Diameter : The diameter of the ammo in inches (") and centimeters (cm). For ammo that is cut by the barrel, such as spuds, this is the barrel diameter. For ammo that is not cut, such as golf balls, this is the ammo's normal diameter.
; Cd : Coeficient of drag. The Cd of a particular ammo is usually dependent on the velocity of the ammo and whether or not it is spinning or tumbling.
; Terminal Velocity : The maximum velocity the ammo will reach when dropped, in air, form a great height.
; Barrel : Suggestions as suitable barrels for the particular ammo. Primarily for ammo that has a defined size, such as a tennis ball.
; Other Info : Various other bits of information concerning the ammo.

{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" align="left" style="text-align:center"
|+ '''Common Spud Gun Ammo'''
|-
| '''Ammo''' || '''Mass''' || '''Diameter''' || '''Cd''' || '''Terminal Velocity''' || '''Barrel''' ||''' Other Info'''
|-
!colspan="7" align="left" | '''Vegies'''
|-
| [[Spud]], 2"L || 2.54 oz., 72g || 1.59", 4.04cm || - || - || 1.5" SCH 40 ||align=left|
* density ~1.1g/cm3
|-
| [[Spud]], 4"L || 5.04 oz., 143g || 1.59", 4.04cm || - || - || 1.5" SCH 40 || -
|-
| [[Spud]], 2"L || 4.20 oz., 119g || 2.05", 5.21cm || - || - || 2" SCH 40 || -
|-
| [[Spud]], 4"L || 8.40 oz., 238g || 2.05", 5.21cm || - || - || 2" SCH 40 || -
|-
!colspan="7" align="left" | '''Balls'''
|-
| Ping-Pong Ball || 0.095 oz., 2.7g || 0.95", cm || 0.460 <br\> (note 1) || 9m/s, 30fps || - || -
|-
| [[Golf ball]] || 1.59 oz., 45g || 1.68", 4.27cm || 0.299 <br\> (note 1) || 40m/s, 132fps || - || -
|-
| [[Tennis_ball|Tennis Ball]] || 2.08 oz., 59g || 2.56", 6.5cm || 0.283 <br\> (note 1) || 31m/s, 102fps ||align=left|
* 2.5" SCH 40
* 2.5" SDR 21
* 2.5" SDR 26
|| -
|-
| Baseball || 5.1 oz., 145g || 2.9", 7.4cm || 0.290 (note 1) || 42m/s, 138fps || - || -
|-
| Basketball || 21.2 oz., 600g || 9.5", 24.1cm || 0.500 (note 1) || 20m/s, 66fps || - || -
|-
!colspan="7" align="left" | '''Ball Bearings (BBs, Airsoft, Paintballs...)'''
|-
| 0.177" Copper/Steel BB || 0.0116 oz, 0.33g || 0.177", 0.45cm || - || - || - || -
|-
| 6mm Airsoft || 0.0071 oz., 0.20g || 0.23", 0.6cm || - || - || - || -
|-
| ??" [[Paintball]] || ? oz., ?g || ?", ?cm || - || - || - || -
|-
| ??" glass marble || ? oz., ?g || ?", ?cm || - || - || - || -
|-
!colspan="7" align="left" | '''Batteries'''
|-
| AA || ? oz., ?g || ?", ?cm || - || - || - || -
|-
| AAA || ? oz., ?g || ?", ?cm || - || - || - || -
|-
| [[C_Cell|C]] || 2.4-2.6 oz., 68-74g || 0.996", 2.53cm || - || - || - ||align=left|
* 2" (5.1cm) long
* mass varies by brand
|-
| D || ?? oz., ??g || ?", ?cm || - || - || - || -
|-
!colspan="7" align="left" | '''Other Things'''
|-
| [[CO2_cartridge|12g CO2 Cartridge]] (empty) || 1.05 oz., 30g || 0.73", 1.85cm || - || - ||align=left|
* 0.75" SCH 40 PVC
* 22mm Copper pipe
|| -
|-
| [[Ice]] || ?? oz., ??g || ?", ?cm || - || - || - || -
|-
| [[Pycrete]] || ?? oz., ??g || ?", ?cm || - || - || - || -
|-
| [[Beverage_can|Soda Can]] || 13.0 oz., 369g (water filled) || 2.6", 6.6cm || - || - ||align=left|
* 2.5" SDR 26
* [[Sleeved]] 3" SCH 40
|| -
|}
'''Table Notes'''
# The Cd values for the various sport balls (tennis ball, golfball ...) were calculated based on their terminal velocities using the equation Cd=2mg/(Aρvterminal2) with g=9.8m/s and ρ=1290g/m3. The terminal velocities were from [http://www.cord.org/uploadedfiles/CTNJune2002.pdf Terminal Velocity Teachers Notes] and [http://www.gantless.com/paper.html A Penny in Free Fall].

[[Category:Projectiles]]