If you want a solid experiment, you must test only one variable at a time. Are you "shooting" (pun intended) to win, to have fun, and/or to get a good grade?
Not to brag, but I brought home gold at the PA state level fair, so I know what they look for.
First off, you need to use a gun capable of a consistant range. This either means a pnuematic or a metered combustion. You also need uniform size and weight ammo (unless that is your variable). This means golf balls, paintballs, tennis balls, but not potatos.
Also, if you don't understand what I am refering to, read the spudfiles wiki.
Here are some ideas:
How does the fuel to air ratio affect range?
How does rifling affect accuracy?
What type of potato flies the best?

How effective are different types of silencers?
How does the barrel to chamber ratio affect preformance?
How do fins affect accuracy and range?
How much pressure does propane combustion generate at defferent ratios?
For these ideas, you will need varrying amounts of time, resorces, knolage and skill, so pick something that you know you can do.